Список вопросов базы знаний

There are two basic ways in which tariffs may be levied: specific tariffs and ad valorem .A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example

imposed due to the concerns of Southern cotton producers who exported much of their product to England and France

The exceptions include dairy products, administered by the Department of Agriculture and watches and watch movements, administered by the Departments

of the Interior and the Commerce Department.

An export tax is a tax collected on exported goods. As with tariffs, export taxes can be set on a specific or an ad valorem basis.

In the US, export taxes are unconstitutional since the US constitution contains a clause prohibiting their use. This was

the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus, if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex

These quotas are set globally and thus affect all imports while sometimes they are set only against specified countries. Absolute quotas

brooms, ethyl alcohol, anchovies, tuna, olives and durum wheat were subject to tariff-rate quotas. Other quotas exist on peanuts, cotton, sugar and syrup. In the US most quotas are administered the US Customs Service

Tariff-rate quotas allow a specified quantity of goods to be imported at a reduced tariff rate during the specified quota period. In the US in 1996, milk, cream,

are generally administered on a first-come first-served basis. For this reason, many quotas are filled shortly after the opening of the quota period

However, many other countries employ export taxes. For example, Indonesia applies taxes on palm oil exports; Madagascar applies them on vanilla, coffee, pepper

and cloves; Russia uses export taxes on petroleum, while Brazil imposed a 40% export tax on sugar in 1996. In December 1995 the EU imposed a $32 per ton export tax on wheat

Export taxes are unconstitutional since the US constitution contains a clause prohibiting their use. This was

imposed due to the concerns of Southern cotton producers who exported much of their product to England and France

Import quotas are limitations on the quantity of goods that can be imported into the country during a specified period of time. An import quota is typically

There are two basic types of quotas: absolute quotas and tariff-rate quotas. Absolute quotas limit the quantity of imports to a specified level during a specified period of time

Goods that are illegal within a country effectively have a quota set equal to zero. Thus many countries have a zero quota on narcotics and other illicit drugs

set below the free trade level of imports. In this case it is called a binding quota. If a quota is set at or above the free trade level of imports then it is referred to as a non-binding quota

When there is excess supply at the floor price, however, the government must stand ready to purchase the excess. These purchases are often stored for future

distribution when there is a shortfall of supply at the floor price. Sometimes the amount the government must purchase exceeds the available storage capacity

Sometimes these quotas are set globally and thus affect all imports while sometimes they are set only against specified countries. Absolute quotas

supply, raising domestic demand, or a combination of the two. One common method is the imposition of price floors on specified commodities

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic

are generally administered on a first-come first-served basis. For this reason, many quotas are filled shortly after the opening of the quota period

The government must either build more storage facilities, at some cost, or devise an alternative method to dispose of the surplus inventory. It is in

compete with farm products from other subsidizing countries, especially the European Union, in targeted countries

Goods that are illegal within a country effectively have a quota set equal to zero. Thus many countries have a zero quota on narcotics and other illicit drugs

There are two basic types of quotas: absolute quotas and tariff-rate quotas. Absolute quotas limit the quantity of imports to a specified level during a specified period of time

One of the main export subsidy programs in the US is called the Export Enhancement Program (EEP). Its stated purpose is to help US farmers

these situations, or to avoid these situations, that export subsidies are sometimes used. By encouraging exports, the government will reduce the domestic supply and eliminate the need for the government to purchase the excess

The major objectives are to challenge unfair trade practices, to expand U.S. agricultural exports, and to encourage other countries exporting agricultural commodities to undertake serious

negotiations on agricultural trade problems. As a result of Uruguay round commitments, the US has established annual export subsidy quantity ceilings by commodity and maximum budgetary expenditures

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic

has made annual outlays of over $1 billion in its agricultural Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and its Dairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP). The EU has spent over $4 billion annually to encourage exports of its agricultural and dairy products

Commodities eligible under EEP initiatives are wheat, wheat flour, semolina, rice, frozen poultry, frozen pork, barley, barley malt, table eggs, and vegetable oil.

In recent years the US government

supply, raising domestic demand, or a combination of the two. One common method is the imposition of price floors on specified commodities

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The US currently levies a 2.5%

compete with farm products from other subsidizing countries, especially the European Union, in targeted countries

One of the main export subsidy programs in the US is called the Export Enhancement Program (EEP). Its stated purpose is to help US farmers

ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue. In this case, $2500 is collected whether two $50,000 BMWs are imported or ten $10,000 Hyundais

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific

tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery. Perhaps this should be called a three-part tariff

When there is excess supply at the floor price, however, the government must stand ready to purchase the excess. These purchases are often stored for future

distribution when there is a shortfall of supply at the floor price. Sometimes the amount the government must purchase exceeds the available storage capacity

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic

has made annual outlays of over $1 billion in its agricultural Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and its Dairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP). The EU has spent over $4 billion annually to encourage exports of its agricultural and dairy products

Commodities eligible under EEP initiatives are wheat, wheat flour, semolina, rice, frozen poultry, frozen pork, barley, barley malt, table eggs, and vegetable oil.

In recent years the US government

supply, raising domestic demand, or a combination of the two. One common method is the imposition of price floors on specified commodities

Goods that are illegal within a country effectively have a quota set equal to zero. Thus many countries have a zero quota on narcotics and other illicit drugs

There are two basic types of quotas: absolute quotas and tariff-rate quotas. Absolute quotas limit the quantity of imports to a specified level during a specified period of time

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The US currently levies a 2.5%

tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery. Perhaps this should be called a three-part tariff

This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific

ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue. In this case, $2500 is collected whether two $50,000 BMWs are imported or ten $10,000

An import tariff is a tax collected on imported goods. Generally speaking, a tariff is any tax or fee collected by a government. Sometimes tariff

is used in a non-trade context, as in railroad tariffs. However, the term is much more commonly applied to a tax on imported goods

Commodities eligible under EEP initiatives are wheat, wheat flour, semolina, rice, frozen poultry, frozen pork, barley, barley malt, table eggs, and vegetable oil.

In recent years the US government

has made annual outlays of over $1 billion in its agricultural Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and its Dairy Export Incentive Program (DEIP). The EU has spent over $4 billion annually to encourage exports of its agricultural and dairy products

When there is excess supply at the floor price, however, the government must stand ready to purchase the excess. These purchases are often stored for future

distribution when there is a shortfall of supply at the floor price. Sometimes the amount the government must purchase exceeds the available storage capacity

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The US currently levies a 2.5%

of tariffs charged in all import commodity categories is called the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS). The commodity classifications are based on the international Harmonized Commodity Coding

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific

tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery. Perhaps this should be called a three-part tariff

Thus, instead of one tariff rate, countries have a tariff schedule which specifies the tariff collected on every particular good and service. The schedule

ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue. In this case, $2500 is collected whether two $50,000 BMWs are imported or ten $10,000 Hyundais

The period is not to exceed the time limit which is specified as two thousand kilometers per month. Transit of goods

requirements envisaged by the present Code and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the customs business

The free customs zone and free warehouse are customs treatments under which foreign goods are placed and used within corresponding customs territories or premises without collection of customs duties

through the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed to be carried out along any route and in any direction unless otherwise stipulated by the Government of the Russian Federation

Export of goods is carried out with the provision of paying export customs duties and other customs payments, observance of measures of economic policy, and meeting other

and without application of measures of economic policy to the goods mentioned, and Russian goods are placed and used on the terms applicable to export in accordance with the export customs treatment in the order stipulated by the present Code

Goods transported from one customs body of the Russian Federation to another are to remain in the same condition, except

only on condition that the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation are met. The goods under the duty free shop customs treatment are directly sold in special shops

Any goods may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment, with the exception of goods prohibited to be imported to the Russian Federation, to be exported from the Russian Federation, to

be sold on the territory of the Russian Federation, or other goods the list of which may be determined by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation

The goods, the sale of which on the territory of the Russian Federation is limited, may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment

for the cases of change due to natural wearing or loss at normal transporting and storage, and not to be used in any other purposes, except for transit

After you receive your visa please check it for mistakes (passport number, date of birth, term of validity) and, if necessary, return it to the Consulate for corrections.

through the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed to be carried out along any route and in any direction unless otherwise stipulated by the Government of the Russian Federation

It happens quite often that the parties to the contract of sale wish to clarify the extent to which the seller should procure a contract of carriage including the costs of discharge. Since such costs

The Consulate will not be responsible for any mistakes in the visas, which were not brought to its attention prior to departure from the USA

It is not to exceed the time limit which is specified as two thousand kilometers per month. Transit of goods

are normally covered by the freight when the goods are carried by regular shipping lines, the contract of sale will frequently stipulate that the goods are to be so carried or at least that they are to be carried under “liner terms”

Any goods, except goods prohibited to be imported to the Russian Federation or exported from the Russian Federation as well as other goods the list of

which is specified by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, may be placed under the customs warehouse treatment

The free customs zone and free warehouse are customs treatments under which foreign goods are placed and used within corresponding customs territories or premises without collection of customs duties

through the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed to be carried out along any route and in any direction unless otherwise stipulated by the Government of the Russian Federation

The period is not to exceed the time limit which is specified as two thousand kilometers per month. Transit of goods

and without application of measures of economic policy to the goods mentioned, and Russian goods are placed and used on the terms applicable to export in accordance with the export customs treatment in the order stipulated by the present Code

Goods transported from one customs body of the Russian Federation to another are to remain in the same condition, except

for the cases of change due to natural wearing or loss at normal transporting and storage, and not to be used in any other purposes, except for transit

On average, less developed countries maintain higher tariff barriers, but, for many countries that have recently joined the WTO, tariffs have recently been reduced substantially to gain entry.

only on condition that the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation are met. The goods under the duty free shop customs treatment are directly sold in special shops

The goods, the sale of which on the territory of the Russian Federation is limited, may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment

The customs warehouse is a customs treatment of storing imported goods under the customs control without collection of customs duties and taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods during the period of storage

The goods, the sale of which on the territory of the Russian Federation is limited, may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment

only on condition that the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation are met. The goods under the duty free shop customs treatment are directly sold in special shops

The duty free shop is a customs treatment under which goods are sold under the customs control on the customs territory of the Russian Federation (in airports, ports, which are opened for international service, and other places determined

which is specified by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, may be placed under the customs warehouse treatment

Any goods, except goods prohibited to be imported to the Russian Federation or exported from the Russian Federation as well as other goods the list of

by the customs bodies of the Russian Federation), without collection of customs duties, taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

and without application of measures of economic policy to the goods mentioned, and Russian goods are placed and used on the terms applicable to export in accordance with the export customs treatment in the order stipulated by the present Code

The free customs zone and free warehouse are customs treatments under which foreign goods are placed and used within corresponding customs territories or premises without collection of customs duties

acceptance of the customs declaration, except for the change in their state due to natural wearing or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage

When releasing goods within the frame of the export customs treatment, they are to be exported outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation in the same state as on the date of

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

The goods, the sale of which on the territory of the Russian Federation is limited, may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment

only on condition that the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation are met. The goods under the duty free shop customs treatment are directly sold in special shops

If you wish to extend your visa, you should get a new invitation from the same organization that issued the previous invitation and submit it with the visa to the Consulate. We charge $40

commodities. In the most developed countries, average tariffs are less than 10%, and often less than 5%.

Generally speaking, average tariff rates are less than 20% in most countries, although they are often quite a bit higher for agricultural

for visa extension and correction of each mistake which we are not responsible for. Processing time, requirements and fees are subject to change without notice

Any goods, except goods prohibited to be imported to the Russian Federation or exported from the Russian Federation as well as other goods the list of

which is specified by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, may be placed under the customs warehouse treatment

If you apply personally or through a travel agency or visa service, you or your representative should get a pick-up slip from the visa officer. You should present this slip to pick up your visa, when

it is ready, or refer to the number of the slip to find out the status of the application. Please, note that we do not accept visa documents delivered to the consulate by courier services

The duty free shop is a customs treatment under which goods are sold under the customs control on the customs territory of the Russian Federation (in airports, ports, which are opened for international service, and other places determined

by the customs bodies of the Russian Federation), without collection of customs duties, taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods

The free customs zone and free warehouse are customs treatments under which foreign goods are placed and used within corresponding customs territories or premises without collection of customs duties

acceptance of the customs declaration, except for the change in their state due to natural wearing or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage

Less developed countries maintain higher tariff barriers, but, for many countries that have recently joined the WTO, tariffs have recently been reduced substantially to gain entry.

The customs warehouse is a customs treatment of storing imported goods under the customs control without collection of customs duties and taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods during the period of storage

When releasing goods within the frame of the export customs treatment, they are to be exported outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation in the same state as on the date of

and without application of measures of economic policy to the goods mentioned, and Russian goods are placed and used on the terms applicable to export in accordance with the export customs treatment in the order stipulated by the present Code

The goods, the sale of which on the territory of the Russian Federation is limited, may be sold under the duty free shop customs treatment

commodities. In the most developed countries, average tariffs are less than 10%, and often less than 5%.

Generally speaking, average tariff rates are less than 20% in most countries, although they are often quite a bit higher for agricultural

policy review summaries. More details about the trade policies of these countries can be found at the WTO’s website

The table below provides a list of average tariff rates in selected countries around the world. These rates were all taken from the WTO’s trade

only on condition that the requirements stipulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation are met. The goods under the duty free shop customs treatment are directly sold in special shops

At one time, tariffs were perhaps the most commonly applied trade policy. Many countries used tariffs as a primary source of funds for their government

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

which is specified by the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation, may be placed under the customs warehouse treatment

Any goods, except goods prohibited to be imported to the Russian Federation or exported from the Russian Federation as well as other goods the list of

budgets. However, as trade liberalization advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, many other types of non-tariff barriers became more prominent

If you wish to extend your visa, you should get a new invitation from the same organization that issued the previous invitation and submit it with the visa to the Consulate. We charge $40

for visa extension and correction of each mistake which we are not responsible for. Processing time, requirements and fees are subject to change without notice

After you receive your visa please check it for mistakes (passport number, date of birth, term of validity) and, if necessary, return it to the Consulate for corrections.

The customs warehouse is a customs treatment of storing imported goods under the customs control without collection of customs duties and taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods during the period of storage

On average, less developed countries maintain higher tariff barriers, but, for many countries that have recently joined the WTO, tariffs have recently been reduced substantially to gain entry.

The Consulate will not be responsible for any mistakes in the visas, which were not brought to its attention prior to departure from the USA

Please follow a specific pattern when submitting your papers. The copy of the passport page should be trimmed to the size of the original and stapled to the upper left-hand corner of application

form. Two pictures should be stapled to the copy of the passport page and one to the marked space at the upper right-hand corner of the application form

If you apply personally or through a travel agency or visa service, you or your representative should get a pick-up slip from the visa officer. You should present this slip to pick up your visa, when

policy review summaries. More details about the trade policies of these countries can be found at the WTO’s website

The table below provides a list of average tariff rates in selected countries around the world. These rates were all taken from the WTO’s trade

it is ready, or refer to the number of the slip to find out the status of the application. Please, note that we do not accept visa documents delivered to the consulate by courier services

At one time, tariffs were perhaps the most commonly applied trade policy. Many countries used tariffs as a primary source of funds for their government

for the cases of change due to natural wearing or loss at normal transporting and storage, and not to be used in any other purposes, except for transit

Goods transported from one customs body of the Russian Federation to another are to remain in the same condition, except

from this territory. Transit of goods is a customs treatment under which goods are transported under the customs control from one customs body of the Russian Federation to another, including the cases of transporting through the territory of a foreign state

Release of goods for free circulation is a customs treatment under which the goods imported to the customs territory of the Russian Federation shall remain on this territory permanently, without any obligations for these goods to be exported

budgets. However, as trade liberalization advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, many other types of non-tariff barriers became more prominent

The table below provides a list of average tariff rates in selected countries around the world. These rates were all taken from the WTO’s trade

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

policy review summaries. More details about the trade policies of these countries can be found at the WTO’s website

At one time, tariffs were perhaps the most commonly applied trade policy. Many countries used tariffs as a primary source of funds for their government

budgets. However, as trade liberalization advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, many other types of non-tariff barriers became more prominent

Release of goods for free circulation is a customs treatment under which the goods imported to the customs territory of the Russian Federation shall remain on this territory permanently, without any obligations for these goods to be exported

The Consulate will not be responsible for any mistakes in the visas, which were not brought to its attention prior to departure from the USA

On average, less developed countries maintain higher tariff barriers, but, for many countries that have recently joined the WTO, tariffs have recently been reduced substantially to gain entry.

The customs warehouse is a customs treatment of storing imported goods under the customs control without collection of customs duties and taxes, and without application of economic policy measures to the goods during the period of storage

After you receive your visa please check it for mistakes (passport number, date of birth, term of validity) and, if necessary, return it to the Consulate for corrections.

from this territory. Transit of goods is a customs treatment under which goods are transported under the customs control from one customs body of the Russian Federation to another, including the cases of transporting through the territory of a foreign state

It happens quite often that the parties to the contract of sale wish to clarify the extent to which the seller should procure a contract of carriage including the costs of discharge. Since such costs

are normally covered by the freight when the goods are carried by regular shipping lines, the contract of sale will frequently stipulate that the goods are to be so carried or at least that they are to be carried under “liner terms”

Please follow a specific pattern when submitting your papers. The copy of the passport page should be trimmed to the size of the original and stapled to the upper left-hand corner of application

policy review summaries. More details about the trade policies of these countries can be found at the WTO’s website

The table below provides a list of average tariff rates in selected countries around the world. These rates were all taken from the WTO’s trade

form. Two pictures should be stapled to the copy of the passport page and one to the marked space at the upper right-hand corner of the application form

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

However it must be stressed that the “C”-terms are of the same nature as the “F”-terms in that the seller fulfils the contract in the country of shipment

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

or dispatch. Thus the contracts of sale under the “C”-terms like the contracts under the “F”-terms fall in the category of shipment contracts

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of a contract of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk

Hence the “C”-terms are distinguishable from all other terms in that they contain two “critical” points, one indicating to which

of or the damage to the goods, as well as the additional costs resulting from the events occurring after the goods having been appropriately delivered for carriage, fall upon the buyer

It is in the nature of shipment contracts that while the seller is bound to pay the normal transport costs for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in a customary manner to the agreed place, the risk of loss

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

In particular the seller should not – and indeed could not, without changing the very nature of the “C”-terms – undertake any obligation with respect of the arrival of the goods at destination, since the risk

of any delay during the carriage is borne by the buyer. Thus, any obligation with respect to time must necessarily refer to the place of shipment or dispatch, for example “shipment (dispatch) not later than…”

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

by the common use of documentary credits as the preferred mode of payment used in such terms

The essential nature of the “C”-terms as shipment contracts is also illustrated

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

Furthermore, due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

It happens quite often that the parties to the contract of sale wish to clarify the extent to which the seller should procure a contract of carriage including the costs of discharge. Since such costs

The Consulate will not be responsible for any mistakes in the visas, which were not brought to its attention prior to departure from the USA

The period is not to exceed the time limit which is specified as two thousand kilometers per month. Transit of goods

through the territory of the Russian Federation is allowed to be carried out along any route and in any direction unless otherwise stipulated by the Government of the Russian Federation

After you receive your visa please check it for mistakes (passport number, date of birth, term of validity) and, if necessary, return it to the Consulate for corrections.

are normally covered by the freight when the goods are carried by regular shipping lines, the contract of sale will frequently stipulate that the goods are to be so carried or at least that they are to be carried under “liner terms”

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

Constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment, not compliant with the aforementioned Law before July 1, 1997, shall be considered null and void. In the Russian Federation the registration (renewal of registration) of

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

Furthermore, due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

companies with foreign investment, including joint ventures, wholly owned foreign companies, branches, representative offices, is handled by the Russian State Registration Chamber

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of a contract of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk

Please be advised that the United States and the Russian Federation are signatories to the Hague Convention of October 5, 1961. In accordance with the Convention, in order for U.S. documents to be valid in Russia, they must bear an Apostille - certificate

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

Hence the “C”-terms are distinguishable from all other terms in that they contain two “critical” points, one indicating to which

confirming the capacity of the government official signing the document, authenticity of the signature and, where appropriate, of the seal or stamp on the document. Documents with Apostille do not require any further legalization

Furthermore, due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

section is open for visitors Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. only. Visa documents are accepted until 12:15 p.m. only

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

If you need more information please call us at (202) 939-8913, 8918 Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. and from 2:30 p.m. till 6 p.m. Visa

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

In other cases the word “landed” is added after CFR or CIF terms. However it is advisable not to use abbreviations added to the “C”-terms unless, in the relevant

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

of any delay during the carriage is borne by the buyer. Thus, any obligation with respect to time must necessarily refer to the place of shipment or dispatch, for example “shipment (dispatch) not later than…”

In particular the seller should not – and indeed could not, without changing the very nature of the “C”-terms – undertake any obligation with respect of the arrival of the goods at destination, since the risk

trade, the meaning of the abbreviations is clearly understood and accepted by the contracting parties or under any applicable law or custom of the trade

If, however the carrier exercised his rights under a transshipment - or similar clause - in order to avoid unexpected hindrances (such as ice, congestion, labor disturbances, government

indicated after the respective “C”-term. Under the CIF and CIP terms the seller has to take out insurance and bear the insurance cost

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

orders, war or warlike operations)then any additional costs, resulting would be from the account of the buyer, since the seller’s obligation is limited to procuring the usual contract of carriage

The “C” terms require the seller to contract for carriage in usual terms at his own expense. Therefore a point up to which he would have to pay transport costs must necessarily be

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

Due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

Constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment, not compliant with the aforementioned Law before July 1, 1997, shall be considered null and void. In the Russian Federation the registration (renewal of registration) of

companies with foreign investment, including joint ventures, wholly owned foreign companies, branches, representative offices, is handled by the Russian State Registration Chamber

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

Please be advised that the United States and the Russian Federation are signatories to the Hague Convention of October 5, 1961. In accordance with the Convention, in order for U.S. documents to be valid in Russia, they must bear an Apostille - certificate

confirming the capacity of the government official signing the document, authenticity of the signature and, where appropriate, of the seal or stamp on the document. Documents with Apostille do not require any further legalization

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

Where it is agreed by the parties to the sale contract that the seller will be paid by presenting the agreed shipping documents to a bank under a documentary credit, it would be quite contrary to the central purpose

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

of a documentary credit for the seller to bear further risks and costs after the moment when payment had been made under documentary credits or otherwise upon shipment and dispatch of the goods

Many of these documents can be replaced with computerized procedures. Standard ‘aligned’ export documentation is also used: the

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

required information is entered on a single master document and then photocopied to produce all the required documents

Many import or export deals are arranged through an exporter’s agent or distributor abroad - in this case

the importer buys from a company in his own country and this company imports the goods

The expert companies have to be certified by the Russian State Registration Chamber to provide services

required information is entered on a single master document and then photocopied to produce all the required documents

Many of these documents can be replaced with computerized procedures. Standard ‘aligned’ export documentation is also used: the

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

concerned with processing and expertise of foreign documents intended for use in the Russian Federation

To ensure compliance of the documents submitted by foreign companies with applicable provisions of the Russian Federal Laws, the Hague Convention of 1961, and the Regulations of the Russian State

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

Registration Chamber, the new registration procedures involve the services of specially selected expert companies

Alternatively, the deal may be arranged through an importer’s buying agent or a buying house acting for the importer, or through

price quoted always indicates the terms of delivery, which conform to the international standard

Prices for exports may be quoted in the buyer’s currency, the seller’s currency or in a third ‘hard’ currency (e.g. US dollars, Deutschmarks or Swiss Francs). The

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

. an export house based in the exporter’s country. In this situation, the exporter sells directly to a company in his own country, who will then export the goods

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches

imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

Prices for exports may be quoted in the buyer’s currency, the seller’s currency or in a third ‘hard’ currency (e.g. US dollars, Deutschmarks or Swiss Francs). The

price quoted always indicates the terms of delivery, which conform to the international standard Incoterms

A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example, the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus,

in railroad tariffs. However, the term is much more commonly applied to a tax on imported goods.

There are two basic ways in which tariffs may be levied: specific tariffs and ad valorem tariffs

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

An import tariff is a tax collected on imported goods. Generally speaking, a tariff is any tax or fee collected by a government. Sometimes tariff is used in a non-trade context, as

if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex

Export of goods is carried out with the provision of paying export customs duties and other customs payments, observance of measures of economic

policy, and meeting other requirements envisaged by the present Code and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the customs business

When releasing goods within the frame of the export customs treatment, they are to be exported outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation in the same state

as on the date of acceptance of the customs declaration, except for the change in their state due to natural wearing or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage

A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example, the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus,

if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex