Список вопросов базы знаний

Constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment, not compliant with the aforementioned Law before July 1, 1997, shall be considered null and void. In the Russian Federation the registration (renewal of registration) of

companies with foreign investment, including joint ventures, wholly owned foreign companies, branches, representative offices, is handled by the Russian State Registration Chamber

Furthermore, due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

Hence the “C”-terms are distinguishable from all other terms in that they contain two “critical” points, one indicating to which

confirming the capacity of the government official signing the document, authenticity of the signature and, where appropriate, of the seal or stamp on the document. Documents with Apostille do not require any further legalization

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of a contract of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk

Please be advised that the United States and the Russian Federation are signatories to the Hague Convention of October 5, 1961. In accordance with the Convention, in order for U.S. documents to be valid in Russia, they must bear an Apostille - certificate

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

section is open for visitors Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. only. Visa documents are accepted until 12:15 p.m. only

Furthermore, due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

If you need more information please call us at (202) 939-8913, 8918 Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. and from 2:30 p.m. till 6 p.m. Visa

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

In other cases the word “landed” is added after CFR or CIF terms. However it is advisable not to use abbreviations added to the “C”-terms unless, in the relevant

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

In particular the seller should not – and indeed could not, without changing the very nature of the “C”-terms – undertake any obligation with respect of the arrival of the goods at destination, since the risk

trade, the meaning of the abbreviations is clearly understood and accepted by the contracting parties or under any applicable law or custom of the trade

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

of any delay during the carriage is borne by the buyer. Thus, any obligation with respect to time must necessarily refer to the place of shipment or dispatch, for example “shipment (dispatch) not later than…”

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

indicated after the respective “C”-term. Under the CIF and CIP terms the seller has to take out insurance and bear the insurance cost

The “C” terms require the seller to contract for carriage in usual terms at his own expense. Therefore a point up to which he would have to pay transport costs must necessarily be

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

If, however the carrier exercised his rights under a transshipment - or similar clause - in order to avoid unexpected hindrances (such as ice, congestion, labour disturbances, government

orders, war or warlike operations)then any additional costs, resulting would be from the account of the buyer, since the seller’s obligation is limited to procuring the usual contract of carriage

Due to the different forms of execution of Apostille in Russia (seal) and in the United States (certificate), receiving organizations in Russia may ask for additional proof of proper legalization.

In compliance with

companies with foreign investment, including joint ventures, wholly owned foreign companies, branches, representative offices, is handled by the Russian State Registration Chamber

Constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment, not compliant with the aforementioned Law before July 1, 1997, shall be considered null and void. In the Russian Federation the registration (renewal of registration) of

the Russian Federal Law of December 26, 1995 “On Joint-Stock Companies” (in effect since January 1, 1996) constituent documents of joint-stock companies with foreign investment founded before January 1, 1996, are subject to adjustment to the standards of the aforementioned Federal Law

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

Please be advised that the United States and the Russian Federation are signatories to the Hague Convention of October 5, 1961. In accordance with the Convention, in order for U.S. documents to be valid in Russia, they must bear an Apostille - certificate

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

confirming the capacity of the government official signing the document, authenticity of the signature and, where appropriate, of the seal or stamp on the document. Documents with Apostille do not require any further legalization

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

Where it is agreed by the parties to the sale contract that the seller will be paid by presenting the agreed shipping documents to a bank under a documentary credit, it would be quite contrary to the central purpose

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

of a documentary credit for the seller to bear further risks and costs after the moment when payment had been made under documentary credits or otherwise upon shipment and dispatch of the goods

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

the importer buys from a company in his own country and this company imports the goods

Many of these documents can be replaced with computerized procedures. Standard ‘aligned’ export documentation is also used: the

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

Many import or export deals are arranged through an exporter’s agent or distributor abroad - in this case

required information is entered on a single master document and then photocopied to produce all the required documents

The expert companies have to be certified by the Russian State Registration Chamber to provide services

required information is entered on a single master document and then photocopied to produce all the required documents

Many of these documents can be replaced with computerized procedures. Standard ‘aligned’ export documentation is also used: the

concerned with processing and expertise of foreign documents intended for use in the Russian Federation

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

Registration Chamber, the new registration procedures involve the services of specially selected expert companies

To ensure compliance of the documents submitted by foreign companies with applicable provisions of the Russian Federal Laws, the Hague Convention of 1961, and the Regulations of the Russian State

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

price quoted always indicates the terms of delivery, which conform to the international standard

Alternatively, the deal may be arranged through an importer’s buying agent or a buying house acting for the importer, or through

. an export house based in the exporter’s country. In this situation, the exporter sells directly to a company in his own country, who will then export the goods

Prices for exports may be quoted in the buyer’s currency, the seller’s currency or in a third ‘hard’ currency (e.g. US dollars, Deutschmarks or Swiss Francs). The

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

price quoted always indicates the terms of delivery, which conform to the international standard Incoterms

Prices for exports may be quoted in the buyer’s currency, the seller’s currency or in a third ‘hard’ currency (e.g. US dollars, Deutschmarks or Swiss Francs). The

imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

An import tariff is a tax collected on imported goods. Generally speaking, a tariff is any tax or fee collected by a government. Sometimes tariff is used in a non-trade context, as

in railroad tariffs. However, the term is much more commonly applied to a tax on imported goods.

There are two basic ways in which tariffs may be levied: specific tariffs and ad valorem tariffs

A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example, the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus,

if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex

A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example, the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus,

as on the date of acceptance of the customs declaration, except for the change in their state due to natural wearing or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage

Export of goods is carried out with the provision of paying export customs duties and other customs payments, observance of measures of economic

policy, and meeting other requirements envisaged by the present Code and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the customs business

When releasing goods within the frame of the export customs treatment, they are to be exported outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation in the same state

if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex

Export subsidies are payments made by the government to encourage the export of specified products. As with taxes, subsidies can be levied on a specific or ad valorem basis. The

raising domestic demand, or as the above examples suggest, different tariffs are generally applied to different commodities

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic supply,

most common product groups where export subsidies are applied are agricultural and dairy products. Most countries have income support programs for their nation’s farmers

Export of goods is carried out with the provision of paying export customs duties and other customs payments, observance of measures of economic

policy, and meeting other requirements envisaged by the present Code and other legislative acts of the Russian Federation on the customs business

Thus, instead of one tariff rate, countries have a tariff schedule which specifies the tariff collected on every particular good and

service. The schedule of tariffs charged in all import commodity categories is called the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS)

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic supply,

raising domestic demand, or as the above examples suggest, different tariffs are generally applied to different commodities

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the Bretton-Woods system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

At one time, tariffs were perhaps the most commonly applied trade policy. Many countries used tariffs as a primary source of funds for their government budgets.

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

However, as trade liberalization advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, many other types of non-tariff barriers became more prominent

One method used to measure the degree of protectionism within an economy is the average tariff rate. Since tariffs generally

reduce imports of foreign products, the higher the tariff, the greater the protection afforded to the country’s import-competing industries

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

Many import or export deals are arranged through an exporter’s agent or distributor abroad - in this case

the importer buys from a company in his own country and this company imports the goods

Thus, instead of one tariff rate, countries have a tariff schedule which specifies the tariff collected on every particular good and

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

service. The schedule of tariffs charged in all import commodity categories is called the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States (HTS)

Many of these documents can be replaced with computerized procedures. Standard ‘aligned’ export documentation is also used: the

required information is entered on a single master document and then photocopied to produce all the required documents

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

Prices for exports may be quoted in the buyer’s currency, the seller’s currency or in a third ‘hard’ currency (e.g. US dollars, Deutschmarks or Swiss Francs). The

price quoted always indicates the terms of delivery, which conform to the international standard Incoterms

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation of July 4, 1991 “On Foreign Investment in the RSFSR” and the Order of the State Registration Chamber of February 7, 1996 “On Procedure

of Registration of Joint-Stock Companies with Foreign Investment” a foreign investor must submit a set of documents confirming the incorporation and solvency of the foreign investor

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

An import tariff is a tax collected on imported goods. Generally speaking, a tariff is any tax or fee collected by a government. Sometimes tariff is used in a non-trade context, as

in railroad tariffs. However, the term is much more commonly applied to a tax on imported goods.

There are two basic ways in which tariffs may be levied: specific tariffs and ad valorem tariffs

Please note that documents intended for registration and renewal of registration in the Russian Federation of companies

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

with foreign investment must be submitted in a package accompanied by an expert opinion provided by an expert company

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches

imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery

When releasing goods within the frame of the export customs treatment, they are to be exported outside the customs territory of the Russian Federation in the same state

if 1000 watches are imported, the US government collects $51 in tariff revenue. In this case, $51 is collected whether the watch is a $40 Swatch or a $5000 Rolex

A specific tariff is levied as a fixed charge per unit of imports. For example, the US government levies a 5.1 cent specific tariff on every wristwatch imported into the US. Thus,

as on the date of acceptance of the customs declaration, except for the change in their state due to natural wearing or loss under normal conditions of transportation and storage

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic supply,

US currently levies a 2.5% ad valorem tariff on imported automobiles. Thus if $100,000 worth of autos are imported, the US government collects $2,500 in tariff revenue

Export subsidies are payments made by the government to encourage the export of specified products. As with taxes, subsidies can be levied on a specific or ad valorem basis. The

most common product groups where export subsidies are applied are agricultural and dairy products. Most countries have income support programs for their nation’s farmers

An ad valorem tariff is levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the commodity imported. “Ad valorem” is Latin for “on value” or “in proportion to the value.” The

raising domestic demand, or as the above examples suggest, different tariffs are generally applied to different commodities

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

imported into the US face the 5.1 cent specific tariff as well as a 6.25% ad valorem tariff on the case and the strap and a 5.3% ad valorem tariff on the battery

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic supply,

raising domestic demand, or as the above examples suggest, different tariffs are generally applied to different commodities

Occasionally both a specific and an ad valorem tariff are levied on the same product simultaneously. This is known as a two-part tariff. For example, wristwatches

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

At one time, tariffs were perhaps the most commonly applied trade policy. Many countries used tariffs as a primary source of funds for their government budgets.

However, as trade liberalization advanced in the second half of the twentieth century, many other types of non-tariff barriers became more prominent

Governments rarely apply the same tariff to all goods and services imported into the country. One exception to this occurred in 1971 when

President Nixon, in a last-ditch effort to save the Bretton-Woods system of fixed exchange rates, imposed a 10% ad valorem tariff on all imported goods from IMF member countries

These are often motivated by national security or self-sufficiency considerations. Farmers’ incomes are maintained by restricting domestic supply,

raising domestic demand, or as the above examples suggest, different tariffs are generally applied to different commodities

If you need more information please call us at (202) 939-8913, 8918 Monday-Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. and from 2:30 p.m. till 6 p.m. Visa

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

trade, the meaning of the abbreviations is clearly understood and accepted by the contracting parties or under any applicable law or custom of the trade

In other cases the word “landed” is added after CFR or CIF terms. However it is advisable not to use abbreviations added to the “C”-terms unless, in the relevant

section is open for visitors Monday through Friday from 9 a.m. till 12:30 p.m. only. Visa documents are accepted until 12:15 p.m. only

Of course, the seller would have to bear the costs of the contract of carriage irrespective of whether freight is pre-paid upon shipment or is payable at destination (freight collect); however

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

orders, war or warlike operations)then any additional costs, resulting would be from the account of the buyer, since the seller’s obligation is limited to procuring the usual contract of carriage

If, however the carrier exercised his rights under a transshipment - or similar clause - in order to avoid unexpected hindrances (such as ice, congestion, disturbances, government

additional costs that may result from events occurring subsequent to shipment and dispatch are necessarily for the account of the buyer

However it must be stressed that the “C”-terms are of the same nature as the “F”-terms in that the seller fulfils the contract in the country of shipment

of any delay during the carriage is borne by the buyer. Thus, any obligation with respect to time must necessarily refer to the place of shipment or dispatch, for example “shipment (dispatch) not later than…”

In particular the seller should not – and indeed could not, without changing the very nature of the “C”-terms – undertake any obligation with respect of the arrival of the goods at destination, since the risk

trade, the meaning of the abbreviations is clearly understood and accepted by the contracting parties or under any applicable law or custom of the trade

In other cases the word “landed” is added after CFR or CIF terms. However it is advisable not to use abbreviations added to the “C”-terms unless, in the relevant

or dispatch. Thus the contracts of sale under the “C”-terms like the contracts under the “F”-terms fall in the category of shipment contracts

Nonetheless, according to the established common practice, official organizations in the Russian Federation may not accept foreign documents if they are not accompanied by a certified translations; many

organizations require certified translations to be legalized by consular offices of the Russian Federation in the countries where the documents originated

It is of the very essence of the “C”-terms that the seller is relieved of any further risk and cost after he has dully fulfilled

his contract by contracting for carriage and handling over the goods to the carrier and under providing for insurance under the CIF- and CIP-terms

The “C” terms require the seller to contract for carriage in usual terms at his own expense. Therefore a point up to which he would have to pay transport costs must necessarily be

indicated after the respective “C”-term. Under the CIF and CIP terms the seller has to take out insurance and bear the insurance cost

Since the point for the division of costs is fixed at a point of country of destination the “C”-terms are frequently mistakenly believed to

by the common use of documentary credits as the preferred mode of payment used in such terms

If it is customary to procure several contracts of carriage involving transshipment of the goods at intermediate places in order to reach the agreed

destination, the seller would have to pay all these costs incurred when the goods are transshipped from one means of conveyance to the other

The essential nature of the “C”-terms as shipment contracts is also illustrated

be arrival contracts, in which the seller would bear all risks and costs until the goods has actually arrived at the agreed point

Hence the “C”-terms are distinguishable from all other terms in that they contain two “critical” points, one indicating to which

of a documentary credit for the seller to bear further risks and costs after the moment when payment had been made under documentary credits or otherwise upon shipment and dispatch of the goods

It is in the nature of shipment contracts that while the seller is bound to pay the normal transport costs for the carriage of the goods by a usual route and in a customary manner to the agreed place, the risk of loss

of or the damage to the goods, as well as the additional costs resulting from the events occurring after the goods having been appropriately delivered for carriage, fall upon the buyer

Where it is agreed by the parties to the sale contract that the seller will be paid by presenting the agreed shipping documents to a bank under a documentary credit, it would be quite contrary to the central purpose

the seller is bound to arrange and bear the costs of a contract of carriage and another one for the allocation of risk

transhipment

forwarding agent

Freight carrier

Cost, insurance & freight

CIF

reloading

DDU

Delivered duty unpaid

DDP

Free carrier

FCA

Delivered duty paid

CPT

Cost, insurance & freight

CIF

forwarding agent

Freight carrier

carriage paid to

DDP

Delivered ex-ship

FCA

Free carrier

DES

Delivered duty paid