Список вопросов базы знаний

Every social system is confronted with 4 functional problems. These problems are ___of pattern maintenance, integration, goal attainment and adaptation.

For example, one society will attempt to influence its weather ___seeding clouds with dry ice particles to bring about rain. Another culture may offer sacrifices to the gods in order to end a long period of drought.

If it were not for the social transmission of culture, each generation___ have to reinvent television, not to mention the wheel.

In common usage, the term “culture” can mean the cultivation associated with “civilized” habits of mind, the creative products ___the arts, or the entire way of life associated with a group.

Language is an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture. It ___speech, written characters, numerals, symbols and gestures of nonverbal communication.

Male behaviour can include forceful gestures for example ___a fist on the desk for effect. The female style does not usually include aggressive gestures.

Many cultural universals are, in fact, adaptations to meet essential human needs, such as people's need for food, shelter and clothing. Yet, the manner in which they are expressed will ___from culture to culture.

Members of a society learn culture and transmit it from one generation to the next. They preserve their distinctive culture___ literature, video recordings and other means of expression.

Mere contact with human beings is not a social action. It ___the cooperation and struggle between various individuals.

Mere contact with human ___is not a social action.

Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing interest groups. Elite or managerial theory is sometimes ___a state-centered approach.

Pluralism sees politics primarily as a contest among competing___ groups.

Political sociologists apply several theories ___substantive issues.

Political sociology broadly conceived is the study of power and domination in social relationships. It could thereby ___analysis of the family, the mass media, universities, trade unions, and so on.

Social class theory analysis emphasizes ___political power of capitalist elites.

Social systems tend to differentiate these problems so as to increase the functional capabilities of the system. Such differentiation is held ___a major verification of the fourfold functionalist schema.

Social systems tend to differentiate these problems so as___ the functional capabilities of the system.

Sociologists make ___useful distinction between elements of material and nonmaterial culture.

Sociology according to Weber is not merely confined to study of social action. It is an interpretative ___of the social action.

Sociology according to Weber is not merely___ to study of social action. It is an interpretative understanding of the social action.

The development of middle-class occupations has very different implications in the developing nations, in that it contributes ___discontinuities in the social hierarchy and thereby increases the potentialities for political instability.

The female method is collaborative, collective action and responsibility is more important ___personal achievement. Lateral thinking, (thinking a creative way, making unusual connection) as well goodwill and the well-being of the individual, are also of great importance.

The management sociology is the boundary synthetic science studying sociological aspect of administrative activity. This science was___ on a joint of two independent disciplines: sociology and management.

The term "management" has several meanings. Management in all business areas and organizational activities are the acts of___ people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives efficiently and effectively.

The theory emerged from Marxism in the 1850s based primarily on the premise of economic exploitation of one class ___another.

The theory___ from Marxism in the 1850s based primarily on the premise of economic exploitation of one class by another. It split into two parts: one is the power structure or instrumentalist approach, another is the structuralism approach.

Three major theoretical frameworks are pluralism, elite or managerial theory and class analysis which___ with Marxist analysis.

Two distinct but converging intellectual traditions are___ in the theoretical and empirical writings of political sociology. Broadly conceived, political sociology is concerned with the social basis of power in all institutional sectors of society.

Weber provided the theoretical underpinning___ modern sociology defined as the interpretative understanding of social action linked to a causal explanation of its course and consequences.

There are six features that are used to define emotions: intentional objects, valence, cognitive antecedents, physiological arousal, action tendencies, and lastly physiological expressions. ___six concepts were identified by Aristotle and are still the topic of several talks.

A political system is a cultural universal and a social institution ___in every society.

A social institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms ___around the preservation of a basic societal value.

Conformity (адекватность, подчинение нормам), obedience (послушание, подчинение) and deviance ( аномальность, неправильность) are human___ to real or imagined pressures from others.

Force is the actual or threatened use of coercion to impose one's will ___others.

Influence, on the other hand, refers to the exercise of power___ a process of persuasion.

Power is at the heart of a political system, for it is defined as the ability ___one's will ever others.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Sociologists have developed a classification societies on the basis of their economic systems.

B) The political institutions became more elaborate, and the concepts of property rights took on growing importance.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) A monarchy is a form of government head a single member of a royal family, usually a king, or a queen.

B) At present, monarchs hold true governmental power in only a few nations, such as Monaco. Most monarchs have little practical power and primarily serve ceremonial purposes.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Socialism is an economic system under which the means of production and distribution are collectively owned. The basic objective of this economic system is to meet people's needs rather than to make profits.

B) Socialists reject the idea of free competition and believe that basic economic decisions should be made by the central government, which acts as the representative of the people. Therefore, government ownership of all major industries is a major feature of socialism as an ideal type.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) A small group is a collection of people who meet more or less regularly in face to face interaction who possesses a common identity or exclusiveness of purpose and who share a set of standards governing their activities.

B) Their structure can be formal - public and explicit or informal private and implicit depending on the needs of the group members. The nature of a group's structure often depends on its central person.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Democratic leadership is most useful when there is sufficient time to involve the entire group in decisions.

B) Groups generally reward members who conform to their norms.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Group opinion strongly influence individual behavior and judgment toward that of the group.

B) Group decision-making is much slower then individual, but group decisions tend to be more accurate.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Members who has the highest rate of group participation are most often chosen to be leaders.

B) Other traits associated with leadership intelligence, enthusiasm, dominance, self-confidence and egalitarianism.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) People in a group are sometimes willing to make decisions involving greater risk than they would alone.

B) Democratic leadership is most useful when there is sufficient time to involve the entire group in decisions.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Education is an aspect of socialization – the lifelong process of learning the attitudes, values, and behaviour appropriate individuals as members of a particular culture.

B) Thus, education is a process of learning in which some persons consciously and formally teach while others adopt the social role learner.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Promoting social and political integration is another important function of education because it transform a population composed of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups into a society whose members share a common identity.

B) Promoting social and political integration is another important function of education because it transforms a population composed of different racial, ethnic, and religious groups into a society whose members share a common identity.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) By contrast, in a matriarchy, women have greater authority than men. But researchers have come to the conclusion that in modern history there is not a society which truly has this pattern of family organization.

B) Sociologists have developed a classification of societies on the basis of their economic systems.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) English is world language. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. Its the language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It's also the major language of diplomacy.

B) English is a world language. It is the language of progressive science and technology, trade and cultural relations, commerce and business. It's the language of international aviation, shipping and sports. It's also the major language of diplomacy.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Private high schools provides a better education than public high schools and students who graduate from private schools are much more likely to enter colleges and universities than public school graduates are.

B) Private high schools provide a better education than public high schools and students who graduate from private schools are much more likely to enter colleges and universities than public school graduates are.

Верна ли грамматическая конструкция в данных предложениях?

A) Schools socialize children into the norms, beliefs, and values of the dominant culture. The integrative function of education obvious through its emphasis on promoting a common language.

B) Schools socialize children into the norms, beliefs, and values of the dominant culture. The integrative function of education is obvious through its emphasis on promoting common language.