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Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The Advisory Committee on Uranium increased its support of the Columbia experiments and arranged for a study of possible methods for separating the uranium-235 isotope from the much more abundant uranium-238.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The Berkeley group, under Ernest Lawrence, was also considering producing large quantities of uranium-235 by turning one of their cyclotrons into a super mass spectrograph.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The Bohr and Wheeler fission theory suggested that one of the isotopes, mass number 239, of this new element might also fission under low-velocity neutron bombardment.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The centrifuge process, in which the heavier isotope is spun to the outside, as in a cream separator, at first seemed the most useful, but at Columbia a rival process was proposed.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The cyclotron at the University of California at Berkeley was put to work to make enough element 94 for experiments; by mid-1941, element 94 had been firmly identified and named plutonium, and its fission characteristics had been established.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The day before the success of Fermi's chain-reaction experiment at the University of Chicago on Dec. 2, 1942, Groves (now a brigadier general) signed the construction contract for the plutonium production reactors.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The president appointed an Advisory Committee on Uranium; it reported that a chain reaction in uranium was possible, though unproved.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The U.S. entry into World War II in December 1941 was decisive in providing funds for a massive research and production effort for obtaining fissionable materials, and in May 1942 the momentous decision was made to proceed simultaneously on all promising production methods.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The U.S. stockpile of nuclear weapons reached its peak in 1967 with more than 32,000 warheads of 30 different types; the Soviet stockpile reached its peak of about 33,000 warheads in 1988.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The UN task force identified three sites that it judged potential health hazards to people living nearby.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: There are also smaller tactical nuclear weapons that include artillery projectiles, demolition munitions (land mines), antisubmarine depth bombs, torpedoes, and short-range ballistic and cruise missiles.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In late June 1941 President Roosevelt established the Office of Scientific Research and Development under the direction of the scientist Vannevar Bush.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: NATO is a military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: By this time Britain, Canada, and the United States had already engaged in secret exploratory talks on security arrangements that would serve as an alternative to the United Nations (UN), which was becoming paralyzed by the rapidly emerging Cold War.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: A 60,000-strong Implementation Force (IFOR) was initially deployed, though a smaller contingent remained in Bosnia under a different name, the Stabilization Force (SFOR).

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: A serious issue confronting NATO in the early and mid-1950s was the negotiation of West Germany's participation in the alliance.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: After World War II in 1945, western Europe was economically exhausted and militarily weak (the western Allies had rapidly and drastically reduced their armies at the end of the war), and newly powerful communist parties had arisen in France and Italy.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Article 6 defines the geographic scope of the treaty as covering “an armed attack on the territory of any of the Parties in Europe or North America.”

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: As for military recovery, under the Brussels Treaty of 1948, the United Kingdom, France, and the Low Countries—Belgium, The Netherlands, and Luxembourg—concluded a collective-defense agreement called the Western European Union.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Beginning in 1957, this policy was supplemented by deploying American nuclear weapons in western European bases.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Britain retained control of its strategic nuclear arsenal but brought it within NATO's planning structures; France's nuclear forces remained completely autonomous.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Britain retained control of its strategic nuclear arsenal but brought it within NATO's planning structures; France's nuclear forces remained completely autonomous.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: By the time the Cold War ended, some 900,000 troops—nearly half of them from six countries (United States, United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Canada, and The Netherlands)—were stationed in West Germany .

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: During the presidency of William J. Clinton (1993–2001), the United States led an initiative to enlarge NATO membership gradually to include some of the former Soviet allies.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: France withdrew from the integrated military command of NATO in 1966, but it remained a member of the organization.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: France's relationship with NATO became strained after 1958, as President Charles de Gaulle increasingly criticized the organization's domination by the United States and the intrusion upon French sovereignty by NATO's many international staffs and activities.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: From its founding, NATO's primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In 1948 the United States launched the Marshall Plan, which infused massive amounts of economic aid to the countries of western and southern Europe on the condition that they cooperate with each other and engage in joint planning to hasten their mutual recovery.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In March 1948, following a virtual communist coup d'état in Czechoslovakia in February, the three governments began discussions on a multilateral collective-defense scheme that would enhance western security and promote democratic values.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In May 1955 West Germany joined NATO, which prompted the Soviet Union to form the Warsaw Pact alliance in central and eastern Europe the same year.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In May, before it expanded its membership eastward, NATO had formalized its relationship with its former Cold War enemy by forming the new NATO-Russia Council.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In the concurrent debate over enlargement, supporters of the initiative argued that NATO membership was the best way to begin the long process of integrating these states into regional political and economic institutions such as the EU.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In the early 1950s NATO relied partly on the threat of massive nuclear retaliation from the United States to counter the Warsaw Pact's much larger ground forces.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: It was soon recognized, however, that a more formidable alliance would be required to provide an adequate military counterweight to the Soviets.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Its members include Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany (West Germany, 1955–90), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Joining the original signatories were Greece and Turkey (February 1952), Germany (May 1955), Spain (May 1982), and the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland (March 1999).

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: NATO invoked Article 5 for the first time in 2001, after terrorist attacks allegedly organized by exiled Saudi Arabian millionaire Osama bin Laden destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City and part of the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C., killing some 3,000 people.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: NATO later adopted a “flexible response” strategy, which the United States interpreted to mean that a war in Europe did not have to escalate to an all-out nuclear exchange.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: NATO's military organization encompasses a complete system of commands for possible wartime use.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Other articles commit the allies to strengthening their democratic institutions, to building their collective military capability, to consulting each other, and to remaining open to inviting other European states to join.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Russia and NATO cemented a new cooperative bond in 2001 to address such common concerns as international terrorism, nuclear nonproliferation, and arms control.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Some also feared future Russian aggression and suggested that NATO membership would guarantee freedom and security for the newly democratic regimes.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Spurred by the North Korean invasion of South Korea in June 1950, the United States took steps to demonstrate that it would resist any Soviet military expansion or pressures in Europe.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The arrangement was aimed at fostering greater cooperation in areas such as crisis management, peacekeeping, and search-and-rescue operations.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The heart of NATO is expressed in Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, in which the signatory members agree that “an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The move brought to 26 the number of NATO member states and for the first time brought the alliance into direct geographic contact with Russia's borders.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The North Atlantic Council, which was established soon after thetreaty came into effect, is composed of ministerial representatives of the member states, who meet at least twice a year.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The summit was also used to announce the extension of NATO membership to seven more European countries (Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia).

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The West Germans subsequently contributed many divisions and substantial air forces to the NATO alliance.

Укажите частересную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: These discussions were eventually joined by France, the Low Countries, and Norway and in April 1949 resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty.