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Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The belief in rebirth, or samsara, as a potentially endless series of worldly existences in which every being is caught up was already associated with the doctrine of karma in pre-Buddhist India, and it was generally accepted by both the Theravada and the Mahayana traditions.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The Buddha's doctrine was not one of despair.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The concept of the individual ego is a popular delusion; the objects with which people identify themselves—fortune, social position, family, body, and even mind—are not their true selves.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The Buddha departed from the main lines of traditional Indian thought in not asserting an essential or ultimate reality in things.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The conditions that make an individual are precisely those that also give rise to suffering.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The core of religion does not depend on the existence or nonexistence of God or on whether there is one godor many.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The relation between existences in rebirth has been explained by the analogy of fire, which maintains itself unchanged in appearance and yet is different in every moment—what may be called the continuity of an ever-changing identity.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The spectrum that ranges from the level of popular Hindu belief to that of elaborate ritual technique and philosophical speculation is very broad and is attended by many stages of transition and varieties of coexistence.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The teaching attributed to the Buddha was transmitted orally byhis disciples, prefaced by the phrase “thus have I heard”; therefore, it is difficult to say whether his discourses were related as they were spoken.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: The worship of local deities does not exclude the belief in pan-Indian higher gods or even in a single high God.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: There can be no individuality without a putting together of components.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: There is nothing permanent, and, if only the permanent deserved to be called the self, or atman, then nothing is self.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: They usually allude, however, to the place, time, and community where he preached; and there is concordance between various versions.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: This furnishes the basic context for the moral life of the individual.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: This is becoming different, and there can be no way of becoming different without a dissolution, a passing away.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: To make clear the concept of no-self (anatman), Buddhists set forth the theory of the five aggregates or constituents of human existence.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Every attempt at a specific definition of Hinduism has proved unsatisfactory in one way or another, the more so because the finest scholars of Hinduism, including Hindus themselves, have emphasized different aspects of the whole.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Existence is painful.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Few religious ideas are considered to be irreconcilable.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Hinduism is the beliefs, practices, and socioreligious institutions of the Hindus (originally, the inhabitants of the land of the Indus River).

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Hindus are inclined to revere the divine in every manifestation, whatever it may be, and are tolerant, allowing others—including both Hindus and non-Hindus—whatever beliefs suit them best.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Indian non-Buddhist philosophers attacked this vulnerable point in Buddhist thought, and many modern scholars have also considered it to be an insoluble question.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Life is a stream of becoming, a series of manifestations and extinctions.

Укажите функцию подчеркнутого слова в предложении: Some karmas bear fruit in the same life in which they are committed, others in the immediately succeeding one, and others in future lives that are more remote.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: According to tradition, the Buddha himself was a yogi—that is, a miracle-working ascetic.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Ancient Buddhist scripture and doctrine developed primarily in two closely related literary languages of ancient India, Pāli and Sanskrit.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: At this time in India, many were no longer content with the external formalities of Brahmanic (Hindu high-caste) sacrifice and ritual.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Buddhism is a religion and philosophy that developed from the teachings of the Buddha Gautama (or Gotama), who lived as early as the 6th century BC.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Buddhism, like many of the sects that developed in northeastern India at the time, was constituted by the presence of a charismatic teacher, by the teachings this leader promulgated, and by a community of adherents that was often made up of renunciant members and lay supporters.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Buddhism did not negate its basic principles.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: But northeastern India, which was less influenced by the Aryans who had developed the main tenets and practices of the Vedic Hindu faith, became the breeding ground of many heterodox sects.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Despite the bewildering variety of religious communities, many shared the same vocabulary—nirvana (transcendent freedom), atman (“self,” or “soul”), yoga (“union”), karma (“causality”), Tathāgata (“Thus-Gone,” or “He Who Has Thus Attained”), buddha (“enlightened one”), samsara (“eternal recurrence,” “becoming”), and dhamma (“rule,” or “law”)—and most were based on the practice of yoga.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Finally there developed in India a movement called Vajrayāna, or Esoteric Buddhism, the aim of which was to obtain liberation more speedily.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: For all the discussion on the two paths of salvation—the gradual and the instant—and the various ways of interpreting the key Mahāyāna concepts of the “void” and the mind-element, the ethics remain fundamentally the same.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In its spread, Buddhism influenced the currents of thought and religion in other countries.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In northwestern India there were ascetics who tried to go beyond the Vedas (Hindu sacred scriptures).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In response to the diverse religious aspirations of the various Buddhist communities, the strict law of karma was modified to accommodate new emphases on the efficacy of ritual actions and various forms of devotional practice.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In the centuries following the founder's death, Buddhism developed in two directions.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In the later doctrines, his preaching is not just that given to his first disciples: he multiplies himself in numberless epiphanies—all manifestations of a single immutable reality—and he emphasizes the certainty of the void and the relativity of all appearances.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: In the literature that grew out of this movement, the Upanishads, a new emphasis on renunciation and transcendental knowledge can be found.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Instead they were reinterpreted, rethought, and reformulated, bringing to life an immense literature.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: It also includes many sutras and tantras that have been recognized by the followers of the Mahāyāna and Tantric Buddhist traditions as Buddhavacana , “the word of the Buddha,” along with commentaries on these texts.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Many others, especially in Japan, believe that he lived about 100 years later (from about 448 to 368 BC).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Most scholars in Europe, the United States, and India believe that the historical Buddha lived from about 563 to about 483 BC.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: One, usually called Theravāda by its present-day adherents, remained relatively faithful to what it considered to be the true tradition of the Buddha's teachings.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Religiously, this was a time of doubt, turmoil, and experimentation.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Society in this area was troubled by the breakdown of tribal unity and the expansion of several petty kingdoms.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Spreading from India to Central and Southeast Asia, China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of the Eastern world and during the 20th century has spread to the West.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The Buddha, the original teacher, is always recognized as the revealer of Buddhist truth.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The monastic organizations suffered the influence of diverse historical situations, but the basic structure remains intact.