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А) Whatever the case, the lifeblood of the sprawling Kievan organism was the commerce organized by the princes.

В) To be sure, these early princes were not “Swedes” or “Norwegians” or “Danes”; they thought in categories not of nation but of clan.

В предложении Evidences of the Varangian expansion are particularly clear in the coin hoards of 900–930. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении About 830 commerce appears to have declined in the Don and Dnieper regions. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении By the beginning of the 19th century, after a 75-year European cultural apprenticeship, Russia had developed a flexible secular literary language, had a command of modern literary forms, and was ready to produce fully original cultural work. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении In the 1740s, in imitation of French Neoclassicism, Aleksandr Sumarokov wrote the first Russian stage tragedies. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении Indo-European, Ural-Altaic, and diverse other peoples have occupied what is now the territory of Russia since the 2nd millennium BC, but little is known about their ethnic identity, institutions, and activities. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении One of these princes, Rurik of Jutland, is considered the progenitor of the dynasty that ruled in various portions of East Slavic territory until 1598. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The reasons for this paradoxical development were three. First, Western culture had reached Muscovy largely through Polish and Roman Catholic mediation, which rendered it unacceptable to all but those sophisticated enough to take a very broad view of the events of the Time of Troubles. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The Romanov government required more than a decade to establish itself politically and to restore economic and social order. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении Between the 4th and 9th centuries AD, the Huns, Avars, Goths, and Magyars passed briefly over the same terrain, but these transitory occupations also had little influence upon the East Slavs, who during this time were spreading south and east from an area between the Elbe River and the Pripet Marshes. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении From early bases in the estuaries of the rivers of the eastern Baltic region, Germanic commercial-military bands, probably in search of new routes to the east, began to penetrate territory populated by Finnic and Slavic tribes, where they found amber, furs, honey, wax, and timber products. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении From the south, trading organizations based in northern Iran and North Africa, seeking the same products, and particularly slaves, became active in the lower Volga, the Don, and, to a lesser extent, the Dnieper region. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении In ancient times, Greek and Iranian settlements appeared in the southern most portions of what is now Ukraine. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении It managed to gain Cossack support and to manipulate Dmitry's pretensions while negotiating with the Polish king Sigismund III on terms by which his son Władysław IVmight become tsar. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The boyars gave the crown to Prince Vasily Shuysky, a leader of the revolt against Dmitry, with the understanding that he would respect the special rights and privileges of the boyars.выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The indigenous population offered little resistance to their incursions, and there was no significant local authority to negotiate the balance among trade, tribute, and plunder. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The number of Middle Eastern coins reaching northern regions, especially Scandinavia, indicates a flourishing trade. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The Scandinavians involved in these exploits are known as Varangians; they were adventurers of diverse origins, often led by princes of warring dynastic clans. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении The scanty written records tell little of the processes that ensued, but archaeological evidence—notably, the Middle Eastern coins found in eastern Europe—indicates that the development of the East Slavs passed through several stages. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении There was increased activity in the north Volga, where Scandinavian traders who had previously operated from bases on Lakes Ladoga and Onega established a new centre, near present-day Ryazan. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении This Volga Rus khagan state may be considered the first direct political antecedent of the Kievan state. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении Trading empires of that era seem to have known and exploited the northern forests—particularly the vast, triangular-shaped region west of the Urals between the Kama and Volga rivers—but these contacts seem to have had little lasting impact. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении Within a few decades these Rus, together with other Scandinavian groups operating farther west, extended their raiding activities down the main river routes toward Baghdad and Constantinople, reaching the latter in 860. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении Written records tell of Rus raids upon Constantinople and the northern Caucasus in the early 10th century. выделенное слово употреблено в значении:

В предложении выделенное слово употреблено в значении: Prose fiction made its appearance at the end of the century in the works of the sentimentalist Nikolay Karamzin.

В предложении выделенное слово употреблено в значении: In the course of the century, Russian writers assimilated all the European genres; much of their work was derivative, but the comedies of Denis Fonvizin and the powerful solemn odes of Gavrila Derzhavin were original and have remained part of the active Russian cultural heritage.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Continuity with Kiev was provided by the Orthodox church, which had acted as a beacon of national life during the period of Tatar domination and which continued to play the central role in Russian cultural life into the 17th century.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Ivan's diatribes in response are both wonderful expressions of outraged pride and literary tours de force, combining the highest style of Muscovite hagiographic writing with pithy and vulgar attacks on his enemy.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: As a result, Russian cultural development in the Muscovite period was quite different from that of western Europe, which at this time was experiencing the secularization of society and the rediscovery of the classical cultural heritage that characterized the Renaissance.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: As in the Kievan period, however, the most significant cultural achievements of Muscovy were not in literature but rather in the visual arts and architecture.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: At first the literary genres employed by Muscovite writers were the same as those that had dominated in Kiev.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Built to commemorate the Russian capture of the Tatar capital Kazan, St. Basil's is a perfect example of the confluence of Byzantine and Asiatic cultural streams that characterizes Muscovite culture.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: By the time Russian political and cultural life began to recover in the 14th century, a new centre had arisen: Muscovy (Moscow).

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Kurbsky, a former general in Ivan's army, defected to Poland, from where he sent a letter critical of the tsar's regime.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Most noteworthy is the correspondence between Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible and Prince Andrey Kurbsky during the 1560s and '70s.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Russian architects continued to design and build impressive churches, including the celebrated Cathedral of St. Basil the Blessed on Moscow's Red Square.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The Moscow school of icon painting produced great masters, among them Andrey Rublyov (whose “Old Testament Trinity,” now in Moscow's State Tretyakov Gallery, is among the most beautiful icons ever painted) and Dionysius.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The most remarkable literary monuments of the Muscovite period, however, are unlike anything that came before.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Similarly vigorous in style is the first full-scale autobiography in Russian literature, The Life of the Archpriest Avvakum, by Himself (c. 1672–75).

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The Mongol (Tatar) invasions of the early 13th century decimated Kievan Rus.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: They adapted German syllabo-tonic versification to Russian, developing the system of “classical” metres that prevails in Russian poetry to this day.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The early Slavic rulers expressed their religious piety and displayed their wealth through the construction of stone churches, at first in Byzantine style (like the 11th-century Cathedral of St. Sophia that still stands in Kiev, Ukraine) and later in a distinctive Russian style (best preserved today in churches in and around the city of Vladimir, to the east of Moscow).

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The interiors of many of these churches were ornately decorated with frescoes and icons.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: Although Peter was not particularly interested in cultural questions, the influx of Western ideas (which accompanied the technology Peter found so attractive) and the weakening of the Orthodox church led to a cultural renaissance in the reigns of his successors.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: In the late 1730s the poets Mikhail Lomonosov and Vasily Trediakovsky carried out reforms as far-reaching as those of Peter.

Укажите синтаксическую функцию выделенного слова: The gradual turn of Russia toward western Europe that began in the 17th century led to an almost total reorientation of Russian interests during the reign of Peter I the Great (1694–1725).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Arctic deserts lie in the extreme north, giving way southward to the tundra and then to the forest zones, which cover about half of the country and give it much of its character.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Extending nearly halfway around the Northern Hemisphere and covering much of eastern and northeastern Europe as well as the whole of northern Asia, Russia has a maximum east-west extent, along the Arctic Circle, of some 4,800 miles (7,700 kilometres) and a north-south width of 1,250 to 1,850 miles.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: High culture in Kievan Rus was primarily ecclesiastical.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: South of the forest zone lie the wooded steppe and steppe, beyond which are small sections of semidesert along the northern shore of the Caspian Sea.