|
|
Список вопросов базы знанийАнгл. язык. Практический курс общего переводаВопрос id:541669 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The other is called Mahāyāna, “the means of salvation available to a larger number of people,” by its followers, who call the first Hīnayāna, “the means of salvation restricted to a smaller number of people” (or simply the greater and lesser vehicles). Вопрос id:541670 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: There is disagreement among scholars about the dates of the Buddha's birth and death. Вопрос id:541671 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: This literature includes the “Three Baskets” - three collections of the Buddha's teaching and the commentaries on it; these were preserved by adherents of the Theravāda tradition. Вопрос id:541672 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: This literature includes the “Three Baskets” - three collections of the Buddha's teaching and the commentaries on it; these were preserved by adherents of the Theravāda tradition. Вопрос id:541673 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: This movement was influenced by gnostic and magical currents pervasive at that time. Вопрос id:541674 Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Buddhism came into being in northeastern India during the period from the late 6th century to the early 4th century BC, a period of great social change and intense religious activity. Вопрос id:541675 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Buddhism is a religion and philosophy that developed from | the teachings of the Buddha Gautama (or Gotama), who lived as early as the 6th century BC. | Spreading from India to Central and Southeast Asia, | China, Korea, and Japan, Buddhism has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of the Eastern world and during the 20th century has spread to the West. | Ancient Buddhist scripture and doctrine developed primarily | in two closely relatedliterary languages of ancient India, Pāli and Sanskrit. |
Вопрос id:541676 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Most scholars in Europe, the United States, | of the Buddha's birth and death. | There is disagreement among scholars about the dates | and India believe that the historical Buddha lived from about 563 to about 483 BC. | Buddhism came into being in northeastern India during the | period from the late 6th century to the early 4th century BC, a period of great social change and intense religious activity. |
Вопрос id:541677 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Many others, especially in Japan, believe that he lived about 100 years | later (from about 448 to 368 BC). | At this time in India, many were no longer content with the external formalities of Brahmanic | beyond the Vedas (Hindu sacred scriptures). | In northwestern India there were ascetics who tried to go | (Hindu high-caste) sacrifice and ritual. |
Вопрос id:541678 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | But northeastern India, which was less influenced by | several petty kingdoms. Religiously, this was a time of doubt, turmoil, and experimentation. | Society in this area was troubled by the breakdown of tribal unity and the expansion of | the Aryans who had developed the main tenets and practices of the Vedic Hindu faith, became the breeding ground of many heterodox sects. | In the literature that grew out of this movement, the Upanishads, a new emphasis on renunciation | and transcendental knowledge can be found. |
Вопрос id:541679 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | In the centuries following the | in which Buddhists have traditionally taken refuge. | Buddhism, like many of the sects that developed in northeastern | founder's death, Buddhism developed in two directions. | In the case of Buddhism this pattern became the basis for the Triratna—the “Three Jewels” of Buddha (the teacher), dharma (the teaching), and sangha (the community)— | India at the time, was constituted by the presence of a charismatic teacher, by the teachings this leader promulgated, and by a community of adherents that was often made up of renunciant members and lay supporters. |
Вопрос id:541680 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The other is called Mahāyāna, “the means of salvation | available to a larger number of people,” by its followers, who call the first Hīnayāna, “the means of salvation restricted to a smaller number of people” (or simply the greater and lesser vehicles). | One, usually called Theravāda by its present-day adherents, remained relatively faithful to what | it considered to be the true tradition of the Buddha's teachings. | In its spread, Buddhism | influenced the currents of thought and religion in other countries. |
Вопрос id:541681 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | This movement was influenced by | and the various ways of interpreting the key Mahāyāna concepts of the “void” and the mind-element, the ethics remain fundamentally the same. | For all the discussion on the two paths of salvation—the gradual and the instant— | gnostic and magical currents pervasive at that time. | Finally there developed in India a movement called Vajrayāna, or Esoteric Buddhism, | the aim of which was to obtain liberation more speedily. |
Вопрос id:541682 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The Buddha, the original teacher, | suffered the influence of diverse historical situations, but the basic structure remains intact. | The monastic organizations | multiplies himself in numberless epiphanies—all manifestations of a single immutable reality—and he emphasizes the certainty of the void and the relativity of all appearances. | In the later doctrines, his preaching is not just that given to his first disciples: he | is always recognized as the revealer of Buddhist truth. |
Вопрос id:541683 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Instead they were reinterpreted, rethought, andreformulated, | f the Buddha's teaching and the commentaries on it; these were preserved by adherents of the Theravāda tradition. | Buddhism did | not negate its basic principles. | This literature includes the “Three Baskets” - three collections o | bringing to life an immense literature. |
Вопрос id:541684 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | It also includes many sutras and tantras that have been | recognized by the followers of the Mahāyāna and Tantric Buddhist traditions as Buddhavacana , “the word of the Buddha,” along with commentaries on these texts. | Consequently, from the first sermon of the Buddha at Sārnāth tothe most recent derivations, there is an indisputable continuity— | prefaced by the phrase “thus have I heard”; therefore, it is difficult to say whether his discourses were related as they were spoken. | The teaching attributed to the Buddha was transmitted orally byhis disciples, | a development or metamorphosis around a central nucleus—by virtue of which Buddhism is differentiated from other religions. |
Вопрос id:541685 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | It may be said that the Buddha based | his entire teaching on the fact of human suffering. | They usually allude, however, to the place, time, and community where he preached; | and there is concordance between various versions. | An attempt was made by Buddhist councils | in the first centuries after the Buddha's death to establish his true and original teachings. |
Вопрос id:541686 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Individuality | painful. | The conditions that make an individual | implies limitation; limitation gives rise to desire; and, inevitably, desire causes suffering, since what is desired is transitory, changing, and perishing. | Existence is | are precisely those that also give rise to suffering. |
Вопрос id:541687 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | It is the impermanence of the object of craving | that causes disappointment and sorrow. | By following the “path” taught by the Buddha, the individual | doctrine was not one of despair. | The Buddha's | can dispel the “ignorance” that perpetuates this suffering. |
Вопрос id:541688 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The Buddha departed from the | totality of human individuals, consists in a succession and concatenation of microseconds called dhamma (these “components” of reality are not to be confused with dhamma meaning “law” or “teaching”). | Living amid the impermanence of everything | and beingthemselves impermanent, human beings search for the way of deliverance, for that which shines beyond the transitoriness of human existence—in short, for enlightenment. | According to the Buddha, reality, whether of external things or the psychophysical | main lines of traditional Indian thought in not asserting an essential or ultimate reality in things. |
Вопрос id:541689 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Moreover, contrary to the theories | of manifestations and extinctions. | The concept of the individual ego | of the Upanishads, the Buddha did not want to assume the existence of the soul as a metaphysical substance, but he admitted the existence of the self as the subject of action in a practical and moral sense. | Life is a stream of becoming, a series | is a popular delusion; the objects with which people identify themselves—fortune, social position, family, body, and even mind—are not their true selves. |
Вопрос id:541690 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | There can be no individuality | becoming different without a dissolution, a passing away. | There is nothing permanent, and, | without a putting together of components. | This is becoming different, and there can be no way of | if only the permanent deserved to be called the self, or atman, then nothing is self. |
Вопрос id:541691 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | To make clear the concept of no-self (anatman), | change, with no fixed underlying entity. | A person is in a process of continuous | Buddhists set forth the theory of the five aggregates or constituents of human existence: corporeality or physical forms,(2) feelings or sensations, (3) ideations, (4) mental formations or dispositions (sankhāra ), and (5) consciousness. |
Вопрос id:541692 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The belief in rebirth, or samsara, as a potentially | endless series of worldly existences in which every being is caught up was already associated with the doctrine of karma in pre-Buddhist India, and it was generally accepted by both the Theravāda and the Mahāyāna traditions. | According to the doctrine of karma, good conduct brings a pleasant and happy result and creates a tendency toward | moral life of the individual. | This furnishes the basic context for the | similar good acts, while bad conduct brings an evil result and creates a tendency toward repeated evil actions. |
Вопрос id:541693 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The acceptance by Buddhists of the | belief in karma and rebirth while holding to the doctrine of no-self gave rise to a difficult problem: how can rebirth take place without a permanent subject to be reborn? | Some karmas bear fruit in the same life in which they | are committed, others in the immediately succeeding one, and others in future lives that are more remote. | Indian non-Buddhist philosophers attacked this vulnerable | point in Buddhist thought, and many modern scholars have also considered it to be an insoluble question. |
Вопрос id:541694 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Introduced in about 1830 by British writers, the | term properly denotes the Indian civilization of approximately the last 2,000 years, which evolved from Vedism, the religion of the Indo-European peoples who settled in India in the last centuries of the 2nd millennium BC. | The relation between existences in rebirth has been explained by the analogy of fire, which maintains itself unchanged in appearance and yet is different in every moment— | what may be called the continuity of an ever-changing identity. | Hinduism is the beliefs, practices, and socioreligious institutions of the Hindus | (originally, the inhabitants of the land of the Indus River). |
Вопрос id:541695 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The spectrum that ranges from the level of popular Hindu belief to | that of elaborate ritual technique and philosophical speculation is very broad and is attended by many stages of transition and varieties of coexistence. | Because it integrates a variety of elements, | Hinduism constitutes a complex but largely continuous whole and has religious, social, economic, literary, and artistic aspects. | As a religion, Hinduism is a composite of | diverse doctrines, cults, and ways of life. |
Вопрос id:541696 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The worship of local deities does not exclude the belief in pan-Indian | higher gods or even in a single high God. | Such local deities are also frequently looked | combined with the worship of more or less personal gods or with mysticism, asceticism, and abstract and profound theological systems or esoteric doctrines. | Magic rites, animal worship, and belief in demons are often | upon as manifestations of a high God. |
Вопрос id:541697 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | In principle, Hinduism incorporates all forms of belief and worship | ever dies or is superseded—it is merely combined with the new ideas that arise in response to it. | Hindus are inclined to revere the divine in every manifestation, | whatever it may be, and are tolerant, allowing others—including both Hindus and non-Hindus—whatever beliefs suit them best. | It is axiomatic that no religious idea in India | without necessitating the selection or elimination of any. |
Вопрос id:541698 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | A Hindu may embrace a non-Hindu religion without ceasing to be a | to be irreconcilable. | Few religious ideas are considered | Hindu, and because Hindus are disposed to think synthetically and to regard other forms of worship, strange gods, and divergent doctrines as inadequate rather than wrong or objectionable, they tend to believe that the highest divine powers complement one another. | The core of religion | does not depend on the existence or nonexistence of God or on whether there is one godor many. |
Вопрос id:541699 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Because religious truth is said to transcend all | verbal definition, it is not conceived in dogmatic terms. | Hinduism is both a civilization and a congregation of religions; | others on the basis of practice rather than doctrine further de-emphasizes doctrinal differences. | Moreover, the tendency of Hindus to distinguish themselves from | it has neither a beginning or founder, nor a central authority, hierarchy, or organization. |
Вопрос id:541700 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Every attempt at a specific definition of Hinduism has proved | the Jews. | Judaism is the religion of | unsatisfactory in one way or another, the more so because the finest scholars of Hinduism, including Hindus themselves, have emphasized different aspects of the whole. | It is the complex expression of a religious and ethnic community, | a way of life as well as a set of basic beliefs and values, which is discerned in patterns of action, social order, and culture as well as in religious statements and concepts. |
Вопрос id:541701 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Such a distinction, however, would have been unacceptable to the authors, for | primal affirmations appear in early historical narratives. | It is history that provides the clue to an understanding of Judaism, for its | their understanding of events was not superadded to but was contemporaneous with their experience or report of them. | Many contemporary scholars agree that although the biblical (Old Testament) | tales report contemporary events and activities, they do so for essentially theological reasons. |
Вопрос id:541702 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Although other ancient communities saw a divine presence in history, this was taken up in its most consequent | its subsequent development that is the differentiating factor in Jewish thought. | For them, it was primarily within history | fashion within the ancient Israelite community and has remained, through many developments, the focus of its descendants' religious affirmations. | God's presence was also experienced within the natural realm, but the more immediate or | that the divine presence was encountered. | It is this particular claim—to have experienced God's presence in human events—and | intimate disclosure occurred in human actions. |
Вопрос id:541703 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The response of the people Israel to the divine presence in history was seen as crucial not | fashioned its life-style and mode of existence in a way markedly different from groups starting with a somewhat similar insight. | As ancient Israel believed itself through its history to be standing in a unique relationship to the divine, this basic belief affected and | only for itself but for all mankind. | Further, God had—as person—in a particular encounter revealed the pattern and structure of communal | and individual life to this people. |
Вопрос id:541704 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The corporate life of the chosen community was thus a summons to the rest of mankind to recognize God's presence, sovereignty, and purpose— | the establishment of peace and well-being in the universe and in mankind. | Claiming sovereignty over the people because of his continuing action in history on its behalf, | made manifest—expressed in concrete human existence. | This obedience was a further means by which the divine presence was | he had established a berit (“covenant”) with it and had required from it obedience to his Torah (teaching). |
Вопрос id:541705 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Even the chosen community failed in its obligation and had, time and again, to be summoned back to its responsibility by divinely called spokesmen—the prophets— | who warned of retribution within history and argued and reargued the case of affirmative human response. | Israel's role in the divine economy and thus Israel's particular culpability were dominant themes sounded | against the motif of fulfillment, the ultimate triumph of the divine purpose, and the establishment of divine sovereignty over all mankind. | History, moreover, disclosed not only God's purpose but also manifested man's inability to | live in accord with it. |
Вопрос id:541706 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Furthermore, each period of Jewish history has left behind it a specific | element of a Judaic heritage that continued to influence subsequent developments, so that the total Jewish heritage at any time is a combination of all these successive elements along with whatever adjustments and accretions are imperative in each new age. | In their encounter with the great civilizations, from ancient Babylonia and Egypt down to Western Christendom | and modern secular culture, they have assimilated foreign elements and integrated them into their own socioreligious system, thus maintaining an unbroken line of ethnic and religious tradition. | In nearly 4,000 years of historical development, the Jewish people | and their religion have displayed both a remarkable adaptability and continuity. |
Вопрос id:541707 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | By its very nature monotheism ultimately postulated religious universalism, | been grouped around the concept of an ethical (or ethical-historical) monotheism. | Belief in the one and only God of Israel has been adhered to by professing Jews | although it could be combined with a measure of particularism. | The fundamental teachings of Judaism have often | of all ages and all shades of sectarian opinion. |
Вопрос id:541708 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | As the 8th-century-BC prophet Amos expressed it: | “You only have I known of all the families of the earth; therefore I will punish you for all your iniquities.” | In the case of ancient Israel, particularism took the shape of the doctrine of election; | that is, of a people chosen by God as “a kingdom of priests and a holy nation” to set an example for all mankind. | Such an arrangement presupposed a covenant | between God and the people, the terms of which the chosen people had to live up to orbe severely punished. |
Вопрос id:541709 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Law became the major instrumentality by which Judaism was | one form or another, permeated Jewish thinking throughout the ages and, under various guises, has coloured the outlook of many secular-minded Jews. | Further, it was a concept that combined with the messianic idea, according to which, at the advent of the Redeemer, all nations would see the light, give up | to bring about the reign of God on earth. | With all its variations in detail, messianism has, in | war and strife, and follow the guidance of the Torah (divine guidance, teaching, or law) emanating from Zion (a hill in Jerusalem that has a special spiritual significance). |
Вопрос id:541710 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | In this case law meant not only what the Romans called jus (human law) but also fas, the divine | way constantly expatiated on by the prophets and priests, rabbinic sages, and philosophers. | The ideal, therefore, as expressed in the Ten Commandments, | or moral law that embraces practically all domains of life. | The ideal, therefore, as expressed in the Ten Commandments, was a religioethical conduct that involved ritualistic observance as well as individual and social ethics, a liturgical–ethical | was a religioethical conduct that involved ritualistic observance as well as individual and social ethics, a liturgical–ethical way constantly expatiated on by the prophets and priests, rabbinic sages, and philosophers. |
Вопрос id:541711 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | According to Judaic belief, it is through the historical evolution of man, and particularly of the | Jewish people, that the divine guidance of history constantly manifests itself and will ultimately culminatein the messianic age. | Christianity is major religion, stemming from the life, teachings, | never completely departed from this basic ethical–historical monotheism. | Judaism, whether in its “normative” form or its sectarian deviations, | and death of Jesus of Nazareth (the Christ, or the Anointed One of God) in the 1st century AD. |
Вопрос id:541712 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | It has become the largest of | some 2 billion believers. Its largest groups are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Protestant churches; in addition to these churches there are several independent churches of Eastern Christianity as well as numerous sects throughout the world. | Geographically the most widely diffused of all faiths, it has a constituency of | the world's religions. | Its largest groups are the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox churches, and the Protestant churches; | in addition to these churches there are several independent churches of Eastern Christianity as well as numerous sects throughout the world. |
Вопрос id:541713 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | That tradition, viewed as a system of belief and behaviour, leads people to see Christianity as | one of the world religions, alongside Hinduism, Buddhism, Islām, and others. | In this context, faith refers both to the believers' act | of trust and to the content of their faith. | At the very least, Christianity is the faith tradition | that focuses on the figure of Jesus Christ. |
Вопрос id:541714 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | The agent of Christianity is | the church, the community of people who make up the body of believers. | As a tradition, Christianity is more than a system of religious belief. It also has generated | a culture, a set of ideas and ways of life, practices, and artifacts that have been handed down from generation to generation through the 20 centuries since Jesus first became the object of faith. | Christianity is thus both a living tradition of faith and the culture that the | faith leaves behind as a kind of deposit. |
Вопрос id:541715 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Although their faith tradition is historical—i.e., they believe that transactions with the divine do not | this reference merely historical. | Few Christians would be content to keep | occur in the realm of timeless ideas but among ordinary humans through the centuries—the vast majority of Christians focus their faith in Jesus Christ as someone who is also a present reality. | To say that Christianity “focuses” on Jesus Christ | customs, and historical episodes. | Christianity may incorporate, along with such believers, their doctrines, | is to say that, whatever else it comprehends, somehow it brings these realities together in reference to an ancient historic figure. |
Вопрос id:541716 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | While there is something simple about this focus on Jesus as the central figure, there | 22,000 separate churches, sects, and denominations that make up the Christian faith tradition today. | They may include many other references in their tradition and thus may speak | is also something very complicated. | That complexity is apparent when one tries to envision the more than | of “God” and “human nature” or of “church” and “world,” but they would not want to be nor would they be called Christian if they did not bring their eyes and attentions first and last to Jesus Christ. |
Вопрос id:541717 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Given such complexity, it is natural that through the ages both those in the tradition | the world is to suggest the bewildering variety. | To picture people expressing their adherence to that tradition in their prayer life | and cathedral-building, in their quiet worship or their strenuous efforts to change the world, is to suggest even more of the variety. | To project these separate bodies against the background of their development in the nations of | and those surrounding it have made attempts at simplification. |
Вопрос id:541718 Установите соответствие: | Левая часть | Правая часть | Two ways to do this have been to concentrate | the Orthodox Church were to be received through chrismation (or confirmation). | Since the failure of the unionist Council of Florence (1439) | on the “essence” of the faith, and thus on the ideas that are integral to it, or to be concerned with the “identity” of the tradition, and thus on the boundaries of its historical experience. | In 1484 an Orthodox council defined that Roman Catholics desiring to join | there have been no official attempts to restore unity between the Orthodox Church and Roman Catholicism. |
|