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Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Nuclear weapons have enormous explosive force. Their significance may best be appreciated by the coining of the words kiloton (1,000 tons) and megaton (one million tons) to describe their blast effect in equivalent weights of TNT.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: At Berkeley, the cyclotron, converted into a mass spectrograph (later called a calutron), was exceeding expectations in separating uranium-235, and it was enlarged to a 10-calutron system capable of producing one-tenth of an ounce (about three grams) of uranium-235 per day.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Bush decided that the army should be brought into the production plant construction activities. The Corps of Engineers opened an office in New York City and named it the Manhattan Engineer District Office.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: By July two essential and encouraging pieces of experimental data had been obtained—plutonium did give off neutrons in fission, more than uranium-235; and the neutrons were emitted in a short time compared to that needed to bring the weapon materials into a supercritical assembly.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Chain-reaction experiments with carbon and uranium were started in New York City at Columbia University, and in March 1940 it was confirmed that the isotope uranium-235 was responsible for low-velocity neutron fission in uranium.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Groves arranged contracts for a gaseous diffusion separation plant, a plutonium production facility, and a calutron pilot plant, which might be expanded later.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In April 1943 a Project Y physicist, Seth Neddermeyer, proposed to assemble a supercritical mass from many directions, instead of just two as in the gun.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: It was decided to transfer all such workto the University of Chicago and repeat the experiment there with high-purity carbon.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Low-velocity neutrons did indeed cause it to undergo fission, and at a rate much higher than that of uranium-235.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Some neutrons will always be present in a plutonium assembly and cause it to begin multiplying as soon as it goes critical, before it reaches supercriticality; it will then explode prematurely and produce comparatively little energy.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: This material undergoes spontaneous fission, producing neutrons.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: A review committee concluded that boron impurities might be poisoning it by absorbing neutrons.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: A mass spectrograph employs a magnetic field to bend a currentof uranium ions; the heavier ions (uranium-238) bend at a largerradius than the lighter ions (uranium-235), allowing the two separated currents to be collected in separate receivers.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: A sequence of several thousand stages would be needed to enrich the mixture to 90 percent uranium-235; the total barrier area would be many acres.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: After considerable argument over priorities, a workable arrangement was achieved with the formation of a three-man policy board chaired by Bush and the appointment on September 17 of Colonel Leslie Groves as head of the Manhattan Engineer District.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: After the mass was joined (and now supercritical), a neutron source would be used to start the chain reaction.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: During the summer of 1940, Edwin McMillan and Philip Abelson of the University of California at Berkeley discovered element 93, named neptunium; they inferred that this element would decay into element 94.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: For example, the first nuclear fission bomb, the one dropped on Hiroshima, Japan, in 1945, released energy equaling 15,000 tons (15 kilotons) of chemical explosive from less than 130 pounds (60 kilograms) of uranium.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Further, it was held that all of these estimates were optimistic.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Fusion bombs, on the other hand, have given yields up to almost 60 megatons.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In that process, gaseous uranium hexafluoride is diffused through barriers, or filters; more molecules containing the lighter isotope, uranium-235, would pass through the filter than those containing the heavier isotope, slightly enriching themixture on the far side.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In May 1941 a review committee reported that a nuclear explosive probably could not be available before 1945, that a chain reaction in natural uranium was probably 18 months off, and that it would take at least an additional year to produce enough plutonium for a bomb and three to five years to separate enough uranium-235.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In particular, a number of shaped charges placed on the surface of a sphere would fire many subcritical pieces into one common ball at the centre of the sphere.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In the fall of 1941 the Columbia chain-reaction experiment with natural uranium and carbon yielded negative results.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Normal uranium contains approximately 0.7 percent uranium-235, most of the remainder being uranium-238.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Nuclear weapon is also called atomic weapon , or thermonuclear weapon bomb or other warhead that derives its force from either the fission or the fusion of atomic nuclei and is delivered by an aircraft, missile, Earth satellite, or other strategic delivery system.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The first nuclear weapons were bombs delivered by aircraft; warheads for strategic ballistic missiles, however, havebecome by far the most important nuclear weapons.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The gun designers tried to beat this problem by achieving higher projectile speeds, but they lost out in the end to a better idea—the implosion method.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The possibility that such a weapon might first be developed by Nazi Germany alarmed many scientists and was drawn to the attention of President Franklin D. Roosevelt by Albert Einstein, then living in the United States.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The theorists contributed one discouraging note: their estimate of the critical mass for uranium-235 had risen over threefold, to something between 50 and 100 pounds.