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Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

an AGM to be held in that year

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

the member of the board most in the public eye and must therefore present a suitable public image that encourages confidence both in the company and in himself

If the enterprise is a major one the chairman will be

may prove equally attractive to the board

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

he is a member

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

may prove equally attractive to the board

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

an AGM to be held in that year

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

he is a member

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

a chairman and by virtue of this office he is also chairman of the company

Every board of directors must have

may prove equally attractive to the board

Unless the enterprise is fairly small the chairman usually has no executive powers and is thus free from the day-to-day

problems of running the organisation

Every board of directors must have

a chairman and by virtue of this office he is also chairman of the company

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

he is a member

His primary technical function is to control

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

He is therefore able to devote all his energies to those problems that concern top management, such as policy-making, where his expertise

and advice are most valuable

Indeed, the offices are sometimes combined, especially in the smaller concern, and one person occupies the position of

chairman and managing director

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

His primary technical function is to control

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organization he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organization he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

The notice of the

an AGM to be held in that year

His primary technical function is to control

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

His primary technical function is to control

and requires a good deal of time devoted to it, particularly in considering matters coming up for discussion at board meetings

Whilst this may result in

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

The task of the chairman is very onerous

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

Indeed, the offices are sometimes combined, especially in the smaller concern, and one person occupies the position of

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

His primary technical function is to control

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Whilst this may result in

chairman and managing director

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

Whilst this may result in

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

There are two kinds of company general meeting: the annual general meeting (AGM)

opinions and two approaches is lost if the two offices are combined

The advantage of two

and an extraordinary general meeting

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

Thus if a company was incorporated on 1 November 1999 it would have until 30 April 2001 to hold

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

So if a company held an annual

its first annual general meeting

The advantage of two

opinions and two approaches is lost if the two offices are combined

There are two kinds of company general meeting: the annual general meeting (AGM)

and an extraordinary general meeting

His primary technical function is to control

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

So if a company held an annual

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

The notice of the

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

So if a company held an annual

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

His primary technical function is to control

an AGM to be held in that year

The notice of the

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Thus if a company was incorporated on 1 November 1999 it would have until 30 April 2001 to hold

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

His primary technical function is to control

its first annual general meeting

All general meetings other

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

His primary technical function is to control

of the paid up share capital on which all calls due have been paid the right to requisition an extraordinary general meeting

The notice of the

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

Holders of not less than one tenth

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

His primary technical function is to control

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

All general meetings other

an AGM to be held in that year

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

His primary technical function is to control

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

All general meetings other

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

registered office of the company

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

To prevent the directors

of the paid up share capital on which all calls due have been paid the right to requisition an extraordinary general meeting

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

from convening (i.e. calling) the meeting to be held on a long distant date so that the members’ desire to discuss urgent matters is defeated, the directors are not deemed to have duly convened a meeting if they convene it for more than 28 days after the date of the notification

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

registered office of the company

Holders of not less than one tenth

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

from convening (i.e. calling) the meeting to be held on a long distant date so that the members’ desire to discuss urgent matters is defeated, the directors are not deemed to have duly convened a meeting if they convene it for more than 28 days after the date of the notification

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

registered office of the company

In this type jobs are carried out individually and usually to the specific

order of a customer

To prevent the directors

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

very technically competent

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

registered office of the company

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

to cope with varying work

Job production is usually

very technically competent

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

very labour intensive since it does not easily lend itself to mechanisation

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

registered office of the company

In many cases, such as

to cope with varying work

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

very technically competent

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

a bridge-building or in road construction, there can be no question of making for stock

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

a bridge-building or in road construction, there can be no question of making for stock

In many cases, such as

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

must be included competitive tendering

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

must be included competitive tendering

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

sums for wages have to be regularly found

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

to cope with varying work

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

sums for wages have to be regularly found

This method, which is also known as flow-line production, is a process of continuous production where large numbers of more or less

to cope with varying work

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

identical units are manufactured continuously

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

sums for wages have to be regularly found

Little or no individuality

is unskilled or semi-skilled

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

can be introduced into the product, and the processes are extremely capital intensive

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

sums for wages have to be regularly found

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

are controlled by computer

Highly specialised machinery is used and in the most modern mass-production plants practically all of the work and machines

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

is unskilled or semi-skilled

The small proportion of skilled

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

is unskilled or semi-skilled

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

labour required is employed to set up the machines for production, and is highly paid

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

must be included competitive tendering

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

cause production to cease altogether

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

very technically competent

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

must be included competitive tendering

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

range from such items as breakfast cereals and paper products to motor-cars, are manufactured in advance of sales, and sales forecasting and marketing of a high order are essential for the success of the manufacturing enterprise

Mass-produced products, which

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

is unskilled or semi-skilled

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

cause production to cease altogether

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

is unskilled or semi-skilled

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

production are the terms normally used

The small proportion of skilled

labour required is employed to set up the machines for production, and is highly paid

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

production are the terms normally used

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

In order to remain profitable

cause production to cease altogether

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

cause production to cease altogether

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

Mass-produced products, which

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

range from such items as breakfast cereals and paper products to motor-cars, are manufactured in advance of sales, and sales forecasting and marketing of a high order are essential for the success of the manufacturing enterprise

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

course, continue indefinitely

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

An example of this is the stock-piling of motor-cars when sales are low. This situation cannot, of

production are the terms normally used

In order to remain profitable

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

An example of this is the stock-piling of motor-cars when sales are low. This situation cannot, of

course, continue indefinitely

In order to remain profitable

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

In the case of domestic consumables, such as washing-powders, attempts are made to stimulate sales by a variety of means including

‘special offers’, competitions and free gifts

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

‘special offers’, competitions and free gifts

Mass production is often criticised

because of the poor quality of life it imposes on the workers

In order to remain profitable

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

In the case of domestic consumables, such as washing-powders, attempts are made to stimulate sales by a variety of means including

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

effect on the workers leading to boredom and lack of job satisfaction

. This has an adverse psychological

with his fellow workers

The system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was

continuous production

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s – although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

level of interest in the job

The system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was

vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s – although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

continuous production

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

continuous production

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

level of interest in the job

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

consist of a significant number of similar items but these orders are not sufficient to justify continuous manufacture

It is employed where orders

with his fellow workers

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

with his fellow workers

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

effect on the workers leading to boredom and lack of job satisfaction

This has an adverse psychological

continuous production

Industries offering choices of design

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

Industries offering choices of design

level of interest in the job

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

the first will be run again

It is employed where orders

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

consist of a significant number of similar items but these orders are not sufficient to justify continuous manufacture

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

entailed, and machines are more versatile

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

the first will be run again

Industries offering choices of design

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

entailed, and machines are more versatile

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

the first will be run again

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

producing sufficient quantity to make the run profitable

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

entailed, and machines are more versatile

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

A manufacturer using batch production will set up a production run when orders for a particular item are received, but has the problem of making the run economically viable; in other words

the first will be run again

Batch production can offer some of the cost

saving advantages of mass production, but also allows the manufacturer to satisfy individual job orders if necessary because of his more versatile machinery and skilled workers

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

He does this by adding a stock quantity to the ordered quantity. One of the most difficult problems in batch production is, in fact, this

entailed, and machines are more versatile

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

one of deciding what is the economic batch size

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

Batch production can offer some of the cost

saving advantages of mass production, but also allows the manufacturer to satisfy individual job orders if necessary because of his more versatile machinery and skilled workers

It is wholly contrary to the European and American logic of encouraging greater

productivity, and welcoming production that exceeds the agreed schedule or quota, and stocking extras in case of future problems