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Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

an AGM to be held in that year

If the enterprise is a major one the chairman will be

the member of the board most in the public eye and must therefore present a suitable public image that encourages confidence both in the company and in himself

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

may prove equally attractive to the board

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

an AGM to be held in that year

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

may prove equally attractive to the board

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

he is a member

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

a chairman and by virtue of this office he is also chairman of the company

Every board of directors must have

he is a member

He is usually chosen because of his knowledge and experience of the industry within which the organization operates, though a proven record of success elsewhere

may prove equally attractive to the board

However, the chairman is elected not by the shareholders but by the board of directors, of which

problems of running the organisation

Unless the enterprise is fairly small the chairman usually has no executive powers and is thus free from the day-to-day

he is a member

Every board of directors must have

a chairman and by virtue of this office he is also chairman of the company

Indeed, the offices are sometimes combined, especially in the smaller concern, and one person occupies the position of

chairman and managing director

He is therefore able to devote all his energies to those problems that concern top management, such as policy-making, where his expertise

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

and advice are most valuable

His primary technical function is to control

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

His primary technical function is to control

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organization he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

His primary technical function is to control

an AGM to be held in that year

The notice of the

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organization he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Whilst this may result in

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

Because of the great responsibilities carried by the managing

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

His primary technical function is to control

director and because of the strength of his authority it is essential that the chairman and the managing director work in harmony

The task of the chairman is very onerous

and requires a good deal of time devoted to it, particularly in considering matters coming up for discussion at board meetings

Indeed, the offices are sometimes combined, especially in the smaller concern, and one person occupies the position of

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

His primary technical function is to control

chairman and managing director

Whilst this may result in

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

Whilst this may result in

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

Consultation between chairman and managing director on many matters is often helpful and fruitful because the chairman can be detached

from the problem and can offer unbiased advice based on independent experience

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

the avoidance of divided opinions at the top, there are two important reasons for not combining these two offices

The advantage of two

and an extraordinary general meeting

There are two kinds of company general meeting: the annual general meeting (AGM)

opinions and two approaches is lost if the two offices are combined

So far as it’s possible he must be detached and unbiased in his deliberations. This is difficult to achieve when a person has executive responsibilities and is thus constantly in contact

with the day-to-day operations of the concern

Thus if a company was incorporated on 1 November 1999 it would have until 30 April 2001 to hold

its first annual general meeting

So if a company held an annual

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

The advantage of two

opinions and two approaches is lost if the two offices are combined

His primary technical function is to control

and an extraordinary general meeting

So if a company held an annual

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

There are two kinds of company general meeting: the annual general meeting (AGM)

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

His primary technical function is to control

an AGM to be held in that year

So if a company held an annual

general meeting on 31 March 2000 it must hold the next one in 2001 and on or before 30 June 2001

The notice of the

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

The notice of the

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

His primary technical function is to control

its first annual general meeting

Thus if a company was incorporated on 1 November 1999 it would have until 30 April 2001 to hold

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

The notice of the

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

His primary technical function is to control

meeting must say that it is the annual general meeting

Holders of not less than one tenth

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

All general meetings other

of the paid up share capital on which all calls due have been paid the right to requisition an extraordinary general meeting

Any member may, by giving notice to the company not later than three months before the end of the year in which an AGM should have been held but for the opting out, require

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

His primary technical function is to control

an AGM to be held in that year

All general meetings other

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

All general meetings other

registered office of the company

His primary technical function is to control

and regulate the proceedings at board meetings, but as head of the organisation he should have the capacity to lead the management team in a positive fashion and to stimulate them to develop new approaches to management problems

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

than the annual general meeting are extraordinary general meetings. They may be called by the directors at any time

Holders of not less than one tenth

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

of the paid up share capital on which all calls due have been paid the right to requisition an extraordinary general meeting

To prevent the directors

registered office of the company

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

from convening (i.e. calling) the meeting to be held on a long distant date so that the members’ desire to discuss urgent matters is defeated, the directors are not deemed to have duly convened a meeting if they convene it for more than 28 days after the date of the notification

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

order of a customer

To prevent the directors

from convening (i.e. calling) the meeting to be held on a long distant date so that the members’ desire to discuss urgent matters is defeated, the directors are not deemed to have duly convened a meeting if they convene it for more than 28 days after the date of the notification

In this type jobs are carried out individually and usually to the specific

registered office of the company

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

very technically competent

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

to cope with varying work

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

of the date of the deposit of the requisition

If the directors do not call a meeting within 21 days of the date of depositing the requisition, the requisitionists, or the majority in value of them, may call the meeting within three months

registered office of the company

Job production is usually

very labour intensive since it does not easily lend itself to mechanisation

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

registered office of the company

The requisition must state the objects of the meeting, be signed by the requisitionists, and deposited at the

very technically competent

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

a bridge-building or in road construction, there can be no question of making for stock

In many cases, such as

to cope with varying work

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

very technically competent

In many cases, such as

must be included competitive tendering

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

a bridge-building or in road construction, there can be no question of making for stock

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

to cope with varying work

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

must be included competitive tendering

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

sums for wages have to be regularly found

This method, which is also known as flow-line production, is a process of continuous production where large numbers of more or less

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

sums for wages have to be regularly found

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

to cope with varying work

There is little opportunity for the use of highly specialised machinery, and the machinery that is used must be versatile and able

identical units are manufactured continuously

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

sums for wages have to be regularly found

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

can be introduced into the product, and the processes are extremely capital intensive

Little or no individuality

is unskilled or semi-skilled

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Where jobs of high value and extended time-span are the rule problems are often experienced with financing the projects, especially in view of the high labour content which means that large

is unskilled or semi-skilled

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

sums for wages have to be regularly found

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

are controlled by computer

Highly specialised machinery is used and in the most modern mass-production plants practically all of the work and machines

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

must be included competitive tendering

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

labour required is employed to set up the machines for production, and is highly paid

The small proportion of skilled

is unskilled or semi-skilled

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Continuity of work for both labour and equipment depends, therefore, on effective marketing and under this heading

cause production to cease altogether

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

Further, the labour employed has to be highly skilled for the most part, and supervision must be constant and

very technically competent

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

must be included competitive tendering

Mass-produced products, which

range from such items as breakfast cereals and paper products to motor-cars, are manufactured in advance of sales, and sales forecasting and marketing of a high order are essential for the success of the manufacturing enterprise

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

cause production to cease altogether

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

is unskilled or semi-skilled

The small proportion of skilled

production are the terms normally used

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

is unskilled or semi-skilled

The labour content is relatively small compared to the capital investment, and most of it

labour required is employed to set up the machines for production, and is highly paid

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

production are the terms normally used

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

In order to remain profitable

cause production to cease altogether

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

It is unusual for an organisation to be able

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

cause production to cease altogether

Mass-produced products, which

range from such items as breakfast cereals and paper products to motor-cars, are manufactured in advance of sales, and sales forecasting and marketing of a high order are essential for the success of the manufacturing enterprise

This small, very skilled, work-force is a vital element in continuing production and disruption of their operations normally causes severe setbacks in manufacturing volume, and can

to make for stock as each order will be different from previous orders and from future ones

An example of this is the stock-piling of motor-cars when sales are low. This situation cannot, of

production are the terms normally used

Where the nature of the product is the result of formulations such as petro-chemical products, adhesives and jams, process production or continuous-flow process

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

In order to remain profitable

course, continue indefinitely

In order to remain profitable

course, continue indefinitely

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

An example of this is the stock-piling of motor-cars when sales are low. This situation cannot, of

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

In the case of domestic consumables, such as washing-powders, attempts are made to stimulate sales by a variety of means including

‘special offers’, competitions and free gifts

When orders fall short of full capacity it is often more

because of the poor quality of life it imposes on the workers

In the case of domestic consumables, such as washing-powders, attempts are made to stimulate sales by a variety of means including

it is necessary for enterprises employing mass-production methods to utilise machinery to virtually full capacity

In order to remain profitable

‘special offers’, competitions and free gifts

Mass production is often criticised

advantageous to keep the plant running and to produce for stock rather than to reduce the volume of output

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

with his fellow workers

The system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was

effect on the workers leading to boredom and lack of job satisfaction

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

continuous production

. This has an adverse psychological

vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s – although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets

The system is usually credited to Taiichi Ohno, who was

level of interest in the job

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

continuous production

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

vice-president for manufacturing with Toyota in Japan in the early 1950s – although he stated that he got the idea from American supermarkets

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

consist of a significant number of similar items but these orders are not sufficient to justify continuous manufacture

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

level of interest in the job

It is employed where orders

with his fellow workers

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

continuous production

This is a method that falls between job and mass production, and may be said to be repeated production but not

effect on the workers leading to boredom and lack of job satisfaction

This has an adverse psychological

with his fellow workers

Industries offering choices of design

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

The use of a conveyer belt gives the worker no control over the pace of his work and diminishes opportunities to communicate

continuous production

Industries offering choices of design

consist of a significant number of similar items but these orders are not sufficient to justify continuous manufacture

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

the first will be run again

The result is a high rate of absenteeism, general work stoppages and possibly defective work owing to a low

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

It is employed where orders

level of interest in the job

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

entailed, and machines are more versatile

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

the first will be run again

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

or sophistication in their products make use of batch production, a notable one being the furniture industry

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

the first will be run again

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

Industries offering choices of design

entailed, and machines are more versatile

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

producing sufficient quantity to make the run profitable

A manufacturer using batch production will set up a production run when orders for a particular item are received, but has the problem of making the run economically viable; in other words

entailed, and machines are more versatile

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

A batch of one design will be made and then a batch of another, and then perhaps

the first will be run again

Labour is more skilled in this method of production than in mass production because of the variety of the work

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

Batch production can offer some of the cost

one of deciding what is the economic batch size

He does this by adding a stock quantity to the ordered quantity. One of the most difficult problems in batch production is, in fact, this

saving advantages of mass production, but also allows the manufacturer to satisfy individual job orders if necessary because of his more versatile machinery and skilled workers

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

entailed, and machines are more versatile

Batch production can offer some of the cost

production and less machinery. Whether goods are made in advance of orders or subsequent to them depends not so much on the type of production method as on the situation in the market

It uses more labour, proportionately, than mass

productivity, and welcoming production that exceeds the agreed schedule or quota, and stocking extras in case of future problems

It is wholly contrary to the European and American logic of encouraging greater

saving advantages of mass production, but also allows the manufacturer to satisfy individual job orders if necessary because of his more versatile machinery and skilled workers