Список вопросов базы знаний

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: For example, in accountancy, "the profession" usually refers to accountants who have individual and corporate clients, rather than accountants who are employees of organizations.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: However, in some countries, individuals may not be required by law to be qualified by such a professional body in order to practice, as is the case for accountancy in the United Kingdom (except for auditing and insolvency work which legally require qualification by a professional body).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: However, they all require that the individual hold at least a first professional degree before licensure.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In addition to examinations, there is usually a requirement for a long period of institutionalized training where aspiring professionals acquire specified practical experience in some sort of trainee role before being recognized as a full member of a professional body.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In some professions, the body of knowledge is relatively inaccessible to the uninitiated.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In such cases, qualification by the professional bodies is effectively still considered a prerequisite to practice as most employers and clients stipulate that the individual hold such qualifications before hiring their services.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: It is the power, prestige and value that society confers upon a profession that more clearly defines it.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Just as some professions rise in status and power through various stages, so others may decline.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Many professions have individual fee-paying clients.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Medicine and law are typically not school subjects and have separate faculties and even separate libraries at universities.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professional bodies tend to insist that they should be self-regulating and independent from government.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professional bodies usually have codes of conduct or ethics for their members and disciplinary procedures for those who infringe the rules.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professional knowledge contains elements that escape being mastered and communicated in the form of rules and can only be acquired through experience.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professionals are assumed to have extensive theoretical knowledge (e.g. medicine, law, scripture or engineering) and to possess skills based on that knowledge that they are able to apply in practice.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professionals are therefore relatively mobile in employment opportunities as they can move to other employers and take their talents with them.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professionals tend to retain control over their work, even when they are employed outside the profession in commercial or public organizations.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions include, for example: Lawyers, Engineers, Professors, Architects, Dentists, Midwives, Pharmacists, Nurses and Physicians.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions are typically regulated by statute, with the responsibilities of enforcement delegated to respective professional bodies, whose function is to define, promote, oversee, support and regulate the affairs of its members.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions enjoy a high social status, regard and esteem conferred upon them by society.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions have clear legal authority over some activities (e.g. certifying the insane) but are also seen as adding legitimacy to a wide range of related activities.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions seek to establish a register or membership so that only those individuals so licensed are recognized as bona fide.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions tend to be autonomous, which means they have a high degree of control of their own affairs: "professionals are autonomous insofar as they can make independent judgments about their work".

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions tend to be policed and regulated by senior, respected practitioners and the most highly qualified members of the profession.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions tend to exclude those who have not met their requirements and joined the appropriate professional body.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Professions usually have professional bodies organized by their members, which are intended to enhance the status of their members and have carefully controlled entrance requirements.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Similar arguments apply to race and class: ethnic groups and working-class people are no less disadvantaged in most professions than they are in society generally.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Some of the factors included in this list contribute to such success.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The highest status professions used (and in some countries it is still so) have tended to be male dominated although females are closing this gender gap.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The concept of autonomy can therefore be seen to embrace not only judgement, but also self-interest and a continuous process of critical evaluation of ethics and procedures from within the profession itself.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The earning of fees for services rendered can be defended because they are provided in the public interest, e.g. the work of doctors contributes to public health.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The most prestigious professions usually require at least three – four years at university.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The most successful professions achieve high status, public prestige and rewards for their members.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The ranking of established professions in the United States based on the above milestones shows Surveying first (George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and Abraham Lincoln were all land surveyors before entering politics), followed by Medicine, Law, Dentistry, Civil Engineering, Logistics, Architecture and Accounting.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The skill knowledge and authority of professionals belongs to the professionals as individuals, not the organizations for which they work.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: There may be several such bodies for one profession in a single country, an example being the ten accountancy bodies (ACCA, ICAEW, ICAI, ICAS, CIMA, CIPFA, AAPA, CIMA, IFA, CPA) of the United Kingdom, all of which have been given a Royal Charter although not necessarily considered to hold equivalent-level qualifications.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: These bodies are responsible for the licensure of professionals, and may additionally set examinations of competence and enforce adherence to an ethical code of practice.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: They have also gained control over their own theoretical knowledge.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This usually means "the freedom to exercise their professional judgement."

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This high esteem arises primarily from the higher social function of their work, which is regarded as vital to society as a whole and thus of having a special and valuable nature.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This is often termed professional closure, and seeks to bar entry for the unqualified and to sanction or expel incompetent members.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This is characterized by the red cloaks of bishops giving way to the black cloaks of lawyers and then to the white cloaks of doctors.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This power is used to control its own members, and also its area of expertise and interests.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Traditionally, many professions have been viewed as 'respectable' occupations for middle and upper classes.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Training also requires regular updating of skills through continuing education.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Training for this work involves obtaining degrees and professional qualifications without which entry to the profession is barred (occupational closure).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Typically, individuals are required by law to be qualified by a local professional body before they are permitted to practice in that profession.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Undertaking doctoral research can add a further 4-5 years to this period of education.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Where levels of remuneration are determined by government, professional bodies are active in negotiating (usually advantageous) remuneration packages for their members. Some professions set standard scale fees, but government advocacy of competition means that these are no longer generally enforced

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With the rise of technology and occupational specialization in the 19th century, other bodies began to claim professional status: Pharmacy, Logistics, Veterinary Medicine, Nursing, Teaching, Librarianship, Optometry and Social Work, all of which could claim to be professions by 1900 using these milestones.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With the church having receded in its role in western society, the remaining classical professions (law and medicine) are both noted by many as requiring not just study to enter, but extensive study and accreditation above and beyond simply getting a university degree.