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Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Newspapers with extensive circulations could command the attention of the larger advertisers, and this reinforced the disappearance of smaller titles in favour of a few high-circulation papers.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Once it is ready, a push of a button sends the complete page to the main computer for eventual transformation into an aluminum printing plate.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Originally launched as a newspaper for “gentlewomen,” the Mirror had been a failure, but the tabloid format, together with a halfpenny cover price and numerous photographs, made the new picture paper an immediate success, with circulation running at more than 1,000,000 copies by 1914.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Overstaffing became common in newspaper printing departments when the unions laid down strict rules on the demarcation of labour (jobs that would be done only by particular employees), and working hours and conditions were precisely defined.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Since World War II, there have been radical changes in newspaper production on a par with those brought by the Industrial Revolution.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Daily Mail went on to sell more than 1,000,000 copies a day during the South African (Boer) War (1899–1902).

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The strike was used as a powerful weapon against the newspaper proprietor, since the loss of even one day's circulation might drive the reader to another paper.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: The Telegraph's circulation had risen to more than 240,000 copies by1877, then the highest in the world.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This approach was revealed all too clearlyin 1898, when Hearst's Morning Journal was challenging Pulitzer's World in the New York circulation battle.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This was never more apparent than during World War I, when the British Official Press Bureau was set up to control the amount of war information available to the public through the newspapers.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: This was preceded in 1853 by the abolition of the duty on advertisements, and the more liberal climate exposed a remarkable national appetite for newspapers of all kinds.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: World War II did not seriously affect periodicals; and, at the end of occupation in 1952, there were more than 2,000 of all kinds, including Shufu No Tomo (1917–56; “Woman's Friend”), Yoiko No Tomo (1924–57; “Child's Friend”), and Le-no-Hikari (founded 1925; “Light of Home”).

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: Hearst, whose collections at one time ran to 42 papers, was the most acquisitive of the early owners.

Укажите функцию выделенного слова в предложении: In the 1920s one paper offered free insurance to subscribers, but this soon proved too costly to maintain.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Other expedients may also be applied.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Two years later James Gordon Bennett began the New York Herald.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The first English daily was The Daily Courant (1702–35).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A Jew whose family spoke Russian and lived in an environment of racial and national conflict on the Polish-Russian borderland, Zamenhof dedicated himself to promoting tolerance, mainly through the development of an international language.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Ad hoc pidgins for the restricted purposes of trade and administration were mentioned above.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: After years of experiment in devising such a tongue, working under the pseudonym of Doktoro Esperanto, he published an expository textbook, Lingvo Internacia (1887; Dr. Esperanto's International Language).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: An immigrant from Hungary, Pulitzer had proved his ability in St. Louis, Mo., where he had bought and merged two local papers, the Post and the Dispatch.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: As an alternative to the recognition of particular natural languages as international in status, attempts have been made to invent and propagate new and genuinely international languages, devised for the purpose.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: As an alternative to the recognition of particular natural languages as international in status, attempts have been made to invent and propagate new and genuinely international languages, devised for the purpose.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: At important conferences among representatives of different nations, it is usually agreed which languages shall be officially recognized for registering the decisions reached; and the provisions of treaties are interpreted in the light of texts in a limited number of languages, those of the major participants.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: At the first international Esperanto congress at Boulogne, France (1905), and at successive annual congresses in various European cities, Zamenhof delivered a number of memorable addresses, but he renounced formal leadership of the Esperanto movement at Kraków, Pol., in 1912.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: His Fundamento de Esperanto (1905; 17th ed., 1979; “Basis of Esperanto”) established the principles of Esperanto structure and formation.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In addition to continuing his medical career, Zamenhof worked to develop Esperanto and organize its adherents.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In addition to the weekly newspaper serving the smaller community, every major city had its own daily newspaper, and the metropolis had become the site of circulation battles between several titles.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In New York City Pulitzer bought the failing New York World and in three years raised its circulation from 15,000 to 250,000, at that time the highest figure achieved by any newspaper in the world.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In New York City the newspaper business was shaken up by the arrival of Joseph Pulitzer, who is often credited with changing the course of American journalism.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the Roman Empire, broadly, the western half used Latin as a lingua franca, and the eastern half used Greek.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In western Europe during the Middle Ages, Latin continued as the international language of educated people, and Latin was thesecond language taught in schools.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Later, the cultural, diplomatic, and military reputation of France made French the language of European diplomacy.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: LikePulitzer, Hearst had learned about newspaper proprietorship in the brash, tough frontier West.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Most people are monolingual, and those with a working knowledge of three or four languages are much fewer than those with a competence in just one second language.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Of these, Esperanto, invented by the Polish-Russian doctor L.L. Zamenhof in the 19th century, is the best known.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Of these, Esperanto, invented by the Polish-Russian doctor L.L. Zamenhof in the 19th century, is the best known.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Since World War II the dominance of the English-speaking peoples in science and technology and in international commerce has led to the recognition of English as the major international language in the world of practical affairs, with more and more countries making English the first foreign language to be taught and thus producing a vast expansion of English-language-teaching programs all over the world.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Such languages are generally built up from parts of the vocabulary and grammatical apparatus of the better known existing languages of the world.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Such languages are generally built up from parts of the vocabulary and grammatical apparatus of the better known existing languages of the world.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Tacit or deliberate agreements have been reached whereby one language is chosen for international purposes when speakers of several different languages are involved.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The first Esperanto magazine appeared in 1889, the beginnings of formal organization in 1893.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The number of American newspaper titles more than doubled between 1880 and 1900, from 850 to nearly 2,000.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This use of French as the language of international relations persisted until the 20th century.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This takes time, effort, and organization, and, when more than two languages are involved, the time and effort are that much greater.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Those whose native language is English do not sufficiently realize the amount of effort, by teacher and learner alike, that is put into the acquisition of a working knowledge of English by educated first speakers of other languages.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: When people with different languages need to communicate, various expedients are open to them, the most obvious being second-language learning and teaching.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Whereas Pulitzer was never afraid to unearth public wrongdoingand to crusade against it, the next press baron to influence NewYork City newspapers, William Randolph Hearst, was prepared to go to much further extremes in creating a headline story.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With a series of stunts and campaigns, Pulitzer revitalized the established formulas of sensationalism and idealism, taking one step further the qualities of editorial independence and exciting journalism that had been introduced to an earlier generation of New Yorkers by Bennett's Herald and Greeley's Tribune.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: With some literary and linguistic skill, Zamenhof developed and tested his new language by translating a large number of works, including the Old Testament, Hamlet, Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, and plays of Molière, Goethe, and Nikolay Gogol.