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?) of Savannah, Ga., and followed the pattern

?) the first Girl Scout troop in the United States was formed in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low

?) set up for the Girl Guides.

?) substantially the same in all countries

?) aims and activities are

?) in which the movement is organized

?) of behaviour; undertake community service projects; and

?) the girls promise to follow a code

?) try to develop their skills by earning proficiency badges in a wide variety of activities

?) (ages 5–6), Brownies (6–8), Juniors (8–11),

?) Cadettes (11–14), and Seniors (14–17)

?) in the United States there are five age groups: Daisies

?) symbol is a golden

?) the organization's

?) trefoil

?) the founder of modern recreational

?) camping was Thomas Hiram Holding,

?) who wrote the first Campers Handbook (1908)

?) his experiences as a boy–in 1853 he crossed the prairies of

?) his urgeto camp derived from

?) the United States in a wagon train, covering 1,200 miles with a company of 300

?) in 1877 he camped with a canoe,

?) the earliest vehicle of the recreational camper, on a

?) cruise in the Highlands of Scotland, and he made a similar cruise the next year

?) later he used a bicycle

?) Cycle and Camp (1898)

?) as his camping vehicle and wrote

?) Holding founded the first

?) camping club in the world, the

?) Association of Cycle Campers, in 1901

?) by 1907 it had merged with

?) Club of Great Britain and Ireland, of which it is still a flourishing part

?) a number of other clubs to form the Camping

?) captain Robert Falcon Scott, the

?) famous Antarctic explorer, became

?) the first president of the Camping Club in 1909

?) in a number of western European countries

?) the Boy Scout movement, became president, and the Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland fostered the establishment of camping organizations

?) after World War I Sir Robert Baden-Powell, founder of

?) taken to establish the Fédération Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning (FICC),

?) and the first international camp and congress was held in 1933

?) in 1932, again on British initiative, steps were

?) except during World War II, this

?) International Rally (as it is now called) has been held

?) every year since, usually in different countries of western Europe, although it was held in Israel in 1964 and in Hungary in 1966

?) in North America individuals camped

?) traveling on foot, on horseback,or by canoe; but there was no organized camping

?) in the wilderness for recreation from the early 1870s,

?) many organizations, such as the

?) campers for a long time, but the organization of campers on a large scale developed after World War II

?) Adirondack Mountain Club (founded1922), the Appalachian Mountain Club (1876), and the Sierra Club (1892), have catered, in part, to

?) the North American Family Campers Association

?) there are two large-scale national organizations: the National Campers and Hikers Association (NCHA; 1954) and

?) the majority of organized campers belong to local clubs, but

?) the NCHA has groups or chapters all

?) that has attracted as many as 30,000 people

?) over North America, and its biggest activity is its annual “campvention,” a meeting of campers from all over North America

?) chapters throughout the United States

?) Association (1957) has over 50

?) the North American Family Campers

?) the Camping Club of Canada, a national organization

?) Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning, in 1965.

?) that affiliated with the FICC in 1953, took on a new title, the

?) individual camping is widely

?) practiced in Australia and New Zealand, but

?) organized facilities are relatively few

?) several hundred campsites

?) and a number of camping clubs

?) in South Africa there are

?) are in Sri Lanka and the West Indies, further

?) the most recently formed clubs

?) indications of the wide spread of recreational camping

?) organized camping of another kind started

?) in the United States in 1861 with a boys' camp, run by Frederick William Gunn and his wife at Milford-on-the-Sound, for students of the

?) Gunnery School for Boys in Washington, Conn

?) its success was immediate

?) and was repeated for

?) 18 successive years

?) to develop

?) camps began

?) other similar

?) in 1876 by Joseph Trimble Rothrock, and a church camp was started at Gardners Island, R.I.,

?) in 1880 by the Reverend George W. Hinckley

?) a private camp was established

?) in existence, was founded in 1885 by

?) Summer F. Dudley

?) Camp Dudley, a YMCA camp still

?) the first girls' camp was

?) established by Luther Halsey Gulick and his

?) wife on the Thames River in Connecticut in 1888

?) camping as a major part of the program, as emphasized by Baden-Powell

?) when the Boy Scouts of America

?) was formed in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated

?) similar emphasis on camping was to be

?) Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides)

?) found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and

?) Christian Association (YWCA), the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), the Boys Clubs of America, the Girls Clubs of America, and 4-H Clubs,

?) also undertook camp development as an important part of their activities

?) most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women's

?) economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in

?) the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s

?) Youth America Movement is a philosophical,

?) taking as its inspiration the European

?) flowered a decade later in the United States

?) youth movements of the 1830s, Young America

?) for free-market capitalism and expanded territorial boundaries, it first took concrete form in 1845 as a political organization under the leadership of

?) characterized by energy and enthusiasm

?) Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans

?) faction within the Democratic Party early in the 1850s

?) expansion of foreign markets, annexation of lands southward, and encouragement of republican movements abroad, Young America became a

?) espousing a credo of free trade,

?) Review was its organ

?) George Nicholas Sanders became its

?) chief spokesman, and the Democratic

?) at a time when the nation was

?) torn by sectional controversy, Young America tried to

?) unite disparate segments within the Democratic Party on the basis of its nationalistic program

?) group's champions in this regard, but Young America

?) Stephen A. Douglas was one of the

?) accomplished little and faded quickly as the sectional strife became ever more divisive

?) and the flagship act of Motown Records

?) the Supremes are an American

?) pop-soul vocal group whose tremendous popularity with a broad audience made its members among the most successful performers of the 1960s

?) change the public image of African Americans during the civil rights era

?) Motown label's primary crossover act, they also helped

?) not only were the Supremes the

?) with their sequined evening gowns and the sophisticated

?) pop-soul swing given them by the songwriting-production team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland from 1964 to 1967,

?) the Supremes were the idealized look and sound of the “integrated Negro”

?) sold-out Las Vegas, Nevada, bookings

?) hyperglamourized move the Supremes made as they went from topping the pop chart to appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show” to

?) indeed, the youth of America learned many of its first lessons about racial equality from teen magazines that documented every

?) when a group of working-class girls from Detroit's Brewster public housing project formed a singing group called the Primettes, their name

?) derived from their sister-act association with the Primes, a forerunner of the Temptations

?) their story began humbly enough

?) that comprised Ballard, Barbara Martin, Ross, and Wilson

?) (including, initially, Betty McGlown), a quartet emerged

?) the details of the group's formation (namely, who came first) have been disputed, but, from a series of permutations of five principals

?) after recording briefly with Lupine Records,

?) Motown Records in 1960

?) the quartet signed with Berry Gordy's

?) the system of higher education had its

?) origin in Europe of the Middle Ages, when

?) the first universities were established

?) One half

?) One

?) second

?) third

?) Two

?) One third