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?) the first Girl Scout troop in the United States was formed in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low

?) set up for the Girl Guides.

?) of Savannah, Ga., and followed the pattern

?) in which the movement is organized

?) substantially the same in all countries

?) aims and activities are

?) try to develop their skills by earning proficiency badges in a wide variety of activities

?) of behaviour; undertake community service projects; and

?) the girls promise to follow a code

?) in the United States there are five age groups: Daisies

?) (ages 5–6), Brownies (6–8), Juniors (8–11),

?) Cadettes (11–14), and Seniors (14–17)

?) the organization's

?) trefoil

?) symbol is a golden

?) who wrote the first Campers Handbook (1908)

?) camping was Thomas Hiram Holding,

?) the founder of modern recreational

?) his experiences as a boy–in 1853 he crossed the prairies of

?) his urgeto camp derived from

?) the United States in a wagon train, covering 1,200 miles with a company of 300

?) the earliest vehicle of the recreational camper, on a

?) cruise in the Highlands of Scotland, and he made a similar cruise the next year

?) in 1877 he camped with a canoe,

?) Cycle and Camp (1898)

?) later he used a bicycle

?) as his camping vehicle and wrote

?) Association of Cycle Campers, in 1901

?) Holding founded the first

?) camping club in the world, the

?) Club of Great Britain and Ireland, of which it is still a flourishing part

?) a number of other clubs to form the Camping

?) by 1907 it had merged with

?) famous Antarctic explorer, became

?) captain Robert Falcon Scott, the

?) the first president of the Camping Club in 1909

?) the Boy Scout movement, became president, and the Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland fostered the establishment of camping organizations

?) in a number of western European countries

?) after World War I Sir Robert Baden-Powell, founder of

?) taken to establish the Fédération Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning (FICC),

?) and the first international camp and congress was held in 1933

?) in 1932, again on British initiative, steps were

?) except during World War II, this

?) every year since, usually in different countries of western Europe, although it was held in Israel in 1964 and in Hungary in 1966

?) International Rally (as it is now called) has been held

?) in North America individuals camped

?) traveling on foot, on horseback,or by canoe; but there was no organized camping

?) in the wilderness for recreation from the early 1870s,

?) campers for a long time, but the organization of campers on a large scale developed after World War II

?) many organizations, such as the

?) Adirondack Mountain Club (founded1922), the Appalachian Mountain Club (1876), and the Sierra Club (1892), have catered, in part, to

?) the North American Family Campers Association

?) the majority of organized campers belong to local clubs, but

?) there are two large-scale national organizations: the National Campers and Hikers Association (NCHA; 1954) and

?) over North America, and its biggest activity is its annual “campvention,” a meeting of campers from all over North America

?) the NCHA has groups or chapters all

?) that has attracted as many as 30,000 people

?) chapters throughout the United States

?) Association (1957) has over 50

?) the North American Family Campers

?) the Camping Club of Canada, a national organization

?) that affiliated with the FICC in 1953, took on a new title, the

?) Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning, in 1965.

?) organized facilities are relatively few

?) practiced in Australia and New Zealand, but

?) individual camping is widely

?) and a number of camping clubs

?) in South Africa there are

?) several hundred campsites

?) are in Sri Lanka and the West Indies, further

?) indications of the wide spread of recreational camping

?) the most recently formed clubs

?) in the United States in 1861 with a boys' camp, run by Frederick William Gunn and his wife at Milford-on-the-Sound, for students of the

?) organized camping of another kind started

?) Gunnery School for Boys in Washington, Conn

?) 18 successive years

?) its success was immediate

?) and was repeated for

?) camps began

?) other similar

?) to develop

?) in 1876 by Joseph Trimble Rothrock, and a church camp was started at Gardners Island, R.I.,

?) in 1880 by the Reverend George W. Hinckley

?) a private camp was established

?) in existence, was founded in 1885 by

?) Summer F. Dudley

?) Camp Dudley, a YMCA camp still

?) the first girls' camp was

?) wife on the Thames River in Connecticut in 1888

?) established by Luther Halsey Gulick and his

?) camping as a major part of the program, as emphasized by Baden-Powell

?) was formed in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated

?) when the Boy Scouts of America

?) similar emphasis on camping was to be

?) found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and

?) Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides)

?) most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women's

?) Christian Association (YWCA), the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), the Boys Clubs of America, the Girls Clubs of America, and 4-H Clubs,

?) also undertook camp development as an important part of their activities

?) the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s

?) Youth America Movement is a philosophical,

?) economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in

?) youth movements of the 1830s, Young America

?) flowered a decade later in the United States

?) taking as its inspiration the European

?) for free-market capitalism and expanded territorial boundaries, it first took concrete form in 1845 as a political organization under the leadership of

?) Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans

?) characterized by energy and enthusiasm

?) espousing a credo of free trade,

?) faction within the Democratic Party early in the 1850s

?) expansion of foreign markets, annexation of lands southward, and encouragement of republican movements abroad, Young America became a

?) chief spokesman, and the Democratic

?) George Nicholas Sanders became its

?) Review was its organ

?) torn by sectional controversy, Young America tried to

?) at a time when the nation was

?) unite disparate segments within the Democratic Party on the basis of its nationalistic program

?) Stephen A. Douglas was one of the

?) group's champions in this regard, but Young America

?) accomplished little and faded quickly as the sectional strife became ever more divisive

?) and the flagship act of Motown Records

?) pop-soul vocal group whose tremendous popularity with a broad audience made its members among the most successful performers of the 1960s

?) the Supremes are an American

?) change the public image of African Americans during the civil rights era

?) Motown label's primary crossover act, they also helped

?) not only were the Supremes the

?) with their sequined evening gowns and the sophisticated

?) the Supremes were the idealized look and sound of the “integrated Negro”

?) pop-soul swing given them by the songwriting-production team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland from 1964 to 1967,

?) sold-out Las Vegas, Nevada, bookings

?) hyperglamourized move the Supremes made as they went from topping the pop chart to appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show” to

?) indeed, the youth of America learned many of its first lessons about racial equality from teen magazines that documented every

?) when a group of working-class girls from Detroit's Brewster public housing project formed a singing group called the Primettes, their name

?) their story began humbly enough

?) derived from their sister-act association with the Primes, a forerunner of the Temptations

?) (including, initially, Betty McGlown), a quartet emerged

?) that comprised Ballard, Barbara Martin, Ross, and Wilson

?) the details of the group's formation (namely, who came first) have been disputed, but, from a series of permutations of five principals

?) Motown Records in 1960

?) after recording briefly with Lupine Records,

?) the quartet signed with Berry Gordy's

?) origin in Europe of the Middle Ages, when

?) the system of higher education had its

?) the first universities were established

?) One half

?) One

?) second

?) third

?) One third

?) Two