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?) of Savannah, Ga., and followed the pattern

?) the first Girl Scout troop in the United States was formed in 1912 by Juliette Gordon Low

?) set up for the Girl Guides.

?) in which the movement is organized

?) substantially the same in all countries

?) aims and activities are

?) try to develop their skills by earning proficiency badges in a wide variety of activities

?) the girls promise to follow a code

?) of behaviour; undertake community service projects; and

?) in the United States there are five age groups: Daisies

?) Cadettes (11–14), and Seniors (14–17)

?) (ages 5–6), Brownies (6–8), Juniors (8–11),

?) the organization's

?) trefoil

?) symbol is a golden

?) camping was Thomas Hiram Holding,

?) who wrote the first Campers Handbook (1908)

?) the founder of modern recreational

?) the United States in a wagon train, covering 1,200 miles with a company of 300

?) his experiences as a boy–in 1853 he crossed the prairies of

?) his urgeto camp derived from

?) in 1877 he camped with a canoe,

?) the earliest vehicle of the recreational camper, on a

?) cruise in the Highlands of Scotland, and he made a similar cruise the next year

?) as his camping vehicle and wrote

?) later he used a bicycle

?) Cycle and Camp (1898)

?) Holding founded the first

?) camping club in the world, the

?) Association of Cycle Campers, in 1901

?) a number of other clubs to form the Camping

?) by 1907 it had merged with

?) Club of Great Britain and Ireland, of which it is still a flourishing part

?) famous Antarctic explorer, became

?) the first president of the Camping Club in 1909

?) captain Robert Falcon Scott, the

?) in a number of western European countries

?) after World War I Sir Robert Baden-Powell, founder of

?) the Boy Scout movement, became president, and the Camping Club of Great Britain and Ireland fostered the establishment of camping organizations

?) in 1932, again on British initiative, steps were

?) taken to establish the Fédération Internationale de Camping et de Caravanning (FICC),

?) and the first international camp and congress was held in 1933

?) International Rally (as it is now called) has been held

?) every year since, usually in different countries of western Europe, although it was held in Israel in 1964 and in Hungary in 1966

?) except during World War II, this

?) in the wilderness for recreation from the early 1870s,

?) in North America individuals camped

?) traveling on foot, on horseback,or by canoe; but there was no organized camping

?) Adirondack Mountain Club (founded1922), the Appalachian Mountain Club (1876), and the Sierra Club (1892), have catered, in part, to

?) many organizations, such as the

?) campers for a long time, but the organization of campers on a large scale developed after World War II

?) the North American Family Campers Association

?) the majority of organized campers belong to local clubs, but

?) there are two large-scale national organizations: the National Campers and Hikers Association (NCHA; 1954) and

?) that has attracted as many as 30,000 people

?) the NCHA has groups or chapters all

?) over North America, and its biggest activity is its annual “campvention,” a meeting of campers from all over North America

?) Association (1957) has over 50

?) the North American Family Campers

?) chapters throughout the United States

?) the Camping Club of Canada, a national organization

?) that affiliated with the FICC in 1953, took on a new title, the

?) Canadian Federation of Camping and Caravanning, in 1965.

?) individual camping is widely

?) organized facilities are relatively few

?) practiced in Australia and New Zealand, but

?) several hundred campsites

?) in South Africa there are

?) and a number of camping clubs

?) the most recently formed clubs

?) indications of the wide spread of recreational camping

?) are in Sri Lanka and the West Indies, further

?) organized camping of another kind started

?) Gunnery School for Boys in Washington, Conn

?) in the United States in 1861 with a boys' camp, run by Frederick William Gunn and his wife at Milford-on-the-Sound, for students of the

?) and was repeated for

?) its success was immediate

?) 18 successive years

?) camps began

?) to develop

?) other similar

?) a private camp was established

?) in 1880 by the Reverend George W. Hinckley

?) in 1876 by Joseph Trimble Rothrock, and a church camp was started at Gardners Island, R.I.,

?) in existence, was founded in 1885 by

?) Summer F. Dudley

?) Camp Dudley, a YMCA camp still

?) wife on the Thames River in Connecticut in 1888

?) the first girls' camp was

?) established by Luther Halsey Gulick and his

?) when the Boy Scouts of America

?) camping as a major part of the program, as emphasized by Baden-Powell

?) was formed in 1910 by Ernest Thompson Seton, it incorporated

?) found in the Girl Guides (founded in Great Britain in 1910), the Camp Fire Boys and

?) Girls (U.S., 1910), and the Girl Scouts (U.S., 1912; patterned after the Girl Guides)

?) similar emphasis on camping was to be

?) also undertook camp development as an important part of their activities

?) Christian Association (YWCA), the Young Men's Hebrew Association (YMHA), the Boys Clubs of America, the Girls Clubs of America, and 4-H Clubs,

?) most other organizations concerned with young people, such as the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the Young Women's

?) Youth America Movement is a philosophical,

?) the United States during the mid-1840s and early 1850s

?) economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in

?) taking as its inspiration the European

?) flowered a decade later in the United States

?) youth movements of the 1830s, Young America

?) Edwin de Leon and George Henry Evans

?) characterized by energy and enthusiasm

?) for free-market capitalism and expanded territorial boundaries, it first took concrete form in 1845 as a political organization under the leadership of

?) espousing a credo of free trade,

?) expansion of foreign markets, annexation of lands southward, and encouragement of republican movements abroad, Young America became a

?) faction within the Democratic Party early in the 1850s

?) Review was its organ

?) chief spokesman, and the Democratic

?) George Nicholas Sanders became its

?) at a time when the nation was

?) unite disparate segments within the Democratic Party on the basis of its nationalistic program

?) torn by sectional controversy, Young America tried to

?) Stephen A. Douglas was one of the

?) accomplished little and faded quickly as the sectional strife became ever more divisive

?) group's champions in this regard, but Young America

?) and the flagship act of Motown Records

?) the Supremes are an American

?) pop-soul vocal group whose tremendous popularity with a broad audience made its members among the most successful performers of the 1960s

?) Motown label's primary crossover act, they also helped

?) not only were the Supremes the

?) change the public image of African Americans during the civil rights era

?) pop-soul swing given them by the songwriting-production team of Brian Holland, Lamont Dozier, and Eddie Holland from 1964 to 1967,

?) with their sequined evening gowns and the sophisticated

?) the Supremes were the idealized look and sound of the “integrated Negro”

?) hyperglamourized move the Supremes made as they went from topping the pop chart to appearances on “The Ed Sullivan Show” to

?) sold-out Las Vegas, Nevada, bookings

?) indeed, the youth of America learned many of its first lessons about racial equality from teen magazines that documented every

?) when a group of working-class girls from Detroit's Brewster public housing project formed a singing group called the Primettes, their name

?) their story began humbly enough

?) derived from their sister-act association with the Primes, a forerunner of the Temptations

?) the details of the group's formation (namely, who came first) have been disputed, but, from a series of permutations of five principals

?) (including, initially, Betty McGlown), a quartet emerged

?) that comprised Ballard, Barbara Martin, Ross, and Wilson

?) the quartet signed with Berry Gordy's

?) after recording briefly with Lupine Records,

?) Motown Records in 1960

?) origin in Europe of the Middle Ages, when

?) the system of higher education had its

?) the first universities were established

?) second

?) One

?) One half

?) Two

?) One third

?) third