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Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Zamenhof, in full Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof, is the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto (Esperanto: “Doctor Hopeful”) Polish physician and oculist who created the most important of the international artificial languages–Esperanto.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: His pseudonym, Esperanto (“[one] who hopes”), was to become the language's name.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the Roman Empire , broadly, the western half used Latin as a lingua franca, and the eastern half used Greek.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Language, no less than other aspects of human behaviour, is subject to purposive interference.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Since World War II the dominance of the English-speaking peoples in science and technology and in international commerce has led to the recognition of English as the major international language in the world of practical affairs, with more and more countries making English the first foreign language to be taught and thus producing a vast expansion of English-language-teaching programs all over the world.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The relationship between the written letter and its pronunciation is more systematic than with many existing orthographies (English spelling is notoriously unreliable as an indication of pronunciation), and care is taken to avoid the grammatical irregularities to which all natural languages are subject and also to avoid sounds found difficult by many speakers (e.g., the English th sounds, which most Europeans, apart from English speakers, dislike).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: These artificial languages have not made much progress, though an international society of Esperanto speakers does exist.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Asia had more than 2,500 dailies in the late 20th century and Europe more than 2,600.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: He shaped many of the directions of modern journalism, including comprehensive coverage and an emphasis on entertainment.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In the United States, Benjamin Day established the Sun in New York City (1833) as the first successful penny paper.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Independent newspaper publishing in the English colonies is considered to have begun with James Franklin's New-England Courant (1721).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Inevitably, the profitable newspapers attracted outside investors whose motives were commercial, not journalistic.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Rudimentary newspapers appeared in many European countries in the 17th century, and broadsheets with social news were published in Japan in the Tokugawa period (1603–1867).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: The Graphic closed in 1932, and the Mirror ceased publication in 1963, selling many of its feature columns and comics to the Daily News, which underwent several ownership changes before being bought by Mortimer B. Zuckerman in 1993.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: They declined in number thereafter, though total circulation rose.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: This new type of proprietor was exemplified by Frank A. Munsey, who bought and merged many newspapers between 1916 and 1924, including the Sun and the Herald in New York City.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A pattern of consolidation and merger was seen worldwide, especially in the second half of the 20th century.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: A dozen large chains later came to control more than half of the American dailies.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Among the most important political columnists of the 1920s were David Lawrence of the United States News, Frank Kent of the Baltimore Sun, Mark Sullivan of the New York Herald-Tribune, and Walter Lippmann of the New York World.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: An innovation in the 1930s was the store-distributed magazine.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: An immigrant from Hungary, Pulitzer had proved his ability in St. Louis, Mo., where he had bought and merged two local papers, the Post and the Dispatch.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Another general trend has been to direct appeal toward younger women, not only in the old magazines but also in such newer ones as Seventeen (founded 1944), Ingenue (founded 1959), and Teen (founded 1957).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Another early chain-builder was Edward Scripps, who began collecting newspapers in 1878.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Another independent, though less flamboyant, paper, The New York Times, appeared 10 years later.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: But the commercial advantage of owning newspaper chains soon became obvious, as it allowed newsprint to be bought on favourable terms and syndicated articles to be used to the fullest.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By 1900 there were half a dozen well-known newspaper barons in the United States.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the 1640s the news book had taken the form of a newspaper–the title page being dropped.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the late 1980s scores of political and literary magazines of broadly feminist sympathies had been established, one of the most prominent being Ms. (founded 1972), a nonprofit magazine with a circulation of about 500,000.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the mid-19th century, there were 400 dailies and 3,000 weekly papers in the United States.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: By the time he came to New York City in 1895, however, Hearst was interested in circulation-building sensation at any price, even if it meant dressing up complete fabrications as news.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Circulation in the low thousands was common for papers at the beginning of the 19th century.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Commercial consolidation into larger publishing groups continued immediately after World War I, when the struggle for circulation intensified.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Competition in New York City between Joseph Pulitzer, who owned the World from 1883, and William Randolph Hearst (Journal, 1895) led to excesses of lurid and sensationalized news, called yellow journalism (q.v.), and reactions against it in the late 1890s.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Dissatisfaction with established papers, notably among younger readers, led to the rise in the second half of the 20th century of a diverse “underground,” or alternative, press.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: During the 1920s and '30s competition for circulation continued, and the wide use of syndicated columnists and ready-to-use features, comic strips, crossword puzzles, and other amusements developed.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: During the 1930s women's magazines broadened their base to combat falling circulations and to meet changes in taste, as they did again in the 1950s, in a similar crisis.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Early in the 20th century, the number of American papers reached a peak (more than 2,000 dailies and 14,000 weeklies).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Equally successful were Woman's Day (founded 1937), published by a subsidiary of the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company, and Better Living (founded 1951), sponsored by the Super Market Institute.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Even the editor was to suffer a loss of personal impact as fame was increasingly won by columnists–men and women who were given regular columns to express forceful points of view or divulge society secrets.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Eventually, war–over Cuba–was triggered by the sinking of the U.S. battleship Maine in Havana harbour, but Hearst nevertheless claimed credit for the war in a banner headline: “How Do You Like the Journal's War?”

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: First published in 1919, the New York Daily News was written to a ruthless recipe of sex and sensationalism by Joseph Medill Patterson, and it sparked off a war with Hearst's Daily Mirror and Bernarr Macfadden's Daily Graphic, both launched in 1924.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Forerunners of the modern newspaper include the Acta diurna (“daily acts”) of ancient Rome–posted announcements ofpolitical and social events–and manuscript newsletters circulated in the late Middle Ages by various international traders, among them the Fugger family of Augsburg.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Freedom of the press was advanced in a landmark case in 1735 when John Peter Zenger, a New York City newspaper publisher, was acquitted of libel on the defense that his political criticism was based on fact. Press freedom in the United States was further secured by the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1791).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: He also introduced the first tabloid (Daily Mirror, 1903)–about half the size of a standard paper (15 × 23 inches [38 × 58 cm]).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Hearst, whose collections at one time ran to 42 papers, was the most acquisitive of the early owners.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: His San Francisco Examiner (from 1880) had gained a reputation for exposing and cleaning up political corruption.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: Horace Greeley, who crusaded for women's rights and against slavery, founded the independent New York Tribune (1841).

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In 1704 the Boston News-letter began publication as a weekly issued by the postmaster.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In 1896 Alfred Harmsworth (Lord Northcliffe) launched the London Daily Mail as a national paper.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность выделенного слова: In 1931 the New York Morning,Evening, and Sunday World titles were bought by the Scripps-Howard chain; the morning and Sunday editions were dropped, and the Evening World was merged with the New York Evening Telegram, an action that fitted in well with the popularity of afternoon papers in the United States.