Список вопросов базы знаний

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А) Development of epistemological beliefs (beliefs about knowledge) have been described in terms of gradual changes in people's belief in: certainty and permanence of knowledge, fixedness of ability, and credibility of authorities such as teachers and experts

В) People develop less sophisticated beliefs about knowledge as they gain in education and maturity

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А) Each person has an individual profile of characteristics, abilities and challenges that result from learning

В) The most prevalent disabilities found among school age children are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), learning disability, dyslexia, and speech disorder

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А) Educational psychologists have researched the instructional applicability of Jean Piaget's theory of development, according to which children mature through four stages of cognitive capability

В) Piaget hypothesized that children are capable of abstract logical thought until they are older than about 11 years

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А) Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences

В) In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks

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А) Educational psychology is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology

В) Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies

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А) In addition to basic abilities, the individual’s personality traits are also important, with people higher in conscientiousness and hope attaining superior academic achievements, even after controlling for intelligence and past performance

В) Children with identified deficits may be provided with enhanced education in specific skills such as phonological awareness

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А) In protocol analysis the verbal data is thought to indicate which information the subject is attending to, but is explicitly not interpreted as an explanation or justification for behavior

В) In contrast, the method of verbal analysis does admit learners’ explanations as a way to reveal their mental model or misconceptions (e.g., of the laws of motion)

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А) Motivation is an internal state that activates, guides and sustains behavior

В) Educational psychology research on motivation is concerned with the volition or will that students bring to a task, their level of interest and intrinsic motivation, the personally held goals that guide their behavior, and their belief about the causes of their success or failure

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А) Motivational theories also explain how learners’ goals affect the way they engage with academic tasks

В) Those who have mastery goals strive to increase their ability and knowledge

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А) One of the most commonly used methods for qualitative research in educational psychology is protocol analysis

В) In this method the research participant is asked to think aloud while performing a task, such as solving a math problem

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А) Perhaps first among the important methodological innovations of educational psychology was the development and application of factor analysis by Charles Spearman

В) Factor analysis is used to summarize relationships among a small set of variables or test questions, develop theories about mental constructs such as self-efficacy or anxiety, and assess the reliability and validity of test scores

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А) Piaget proposed a developmental theory of moral reasoning in which children progress from a naïve understanding of morality based on behavior and outcomes to a more advanced understanding based on intentions

В) Piaget's views of moral development were elaborated by his into a stage theory of moral development

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А) Practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists

В) Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines

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А) Qualitative analysis is sometimes applied to verbal data from sources such as conversations, interviews, focus groups, and personal journals

В) Qualitative methods are thus, typically, approaches to gathering, processing and reporting verbal data

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А) Qualitative methods are also used to analyse information in a variety of media, such as students' drawings and concept maps, video-recorded interactions, and computer log records

В) The most fundamental operations in both protocol and verbal analysis are segmenting (isolating) and categorizing sections of non-verbal data

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А) Qualitative methods are used in educational studies whose purpose is to describe events, processes and situations of theoretical significance

В) The qualitative methods used in educational psychology often derive from anthropology, sociology or sociolinguistics

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А) Research on classroom management and pedagogy is conducted to guide teaching practice and form a foundation for teacher education programs

В) The goals of classroom management are to create an environment conducive to learning and to develop students' self-management skills

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А) Rudolf Steiner's model of child development interrelates physical, emotional, cognitive, and moral development in developmental stages similar to those later described by Piaget

В) Developmental theories are always presented not as shifts between qualitatively different stages, but as gradual increments on separate dimensions

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А) The most fundamental operations in both protocol and verbal analysis are segmenting (isolating) and categorizing sections of non-verbal data

В) Conversation analysis and discourse analysis, sociolinguistic methods that focus more specifically on the structure of conversational interchange (e.g., between a teacher and student), have been used to assess the process of conceptual change in science learning

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А) The spaced learning effect, a cognitive phenomenon strongly supported by psychological research, has broad applicability within education

В) For example, students have been found to perform better on a test of knowledge about a text passage when a second reading of the passage is delayed rather than immediate

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А) There is no evidence that the moral reasoning described in stage theories is sufficient to account for moral behavior

В) For example, other factors such as modeling (as described by the social cognitive theory of morality) are required to explain bullying

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А) To understand the characteristics of learners in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and old age, educational psychology develops and applies theories of human development

В) Often represented as stages through which people pass as they mature, developmental theories describe changes in mental abilities (cognition), social roles, moral reasoning, and beliefs about the nature of knowledge

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А) When the problem is assigned to the right schema, the student’s attention is subsequently directed away from features of the problem that are inconsistent with the assigned schema

В) The critical step of finding a mapping between the problem and an existing schema is often cited as supporting the centrality of analogical thinking to problem solving

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A study involving 307 children (aged from six to nineteen) measuring the size of brain structures using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and measuring verbal and non-verbal ___ - has been conducted

A study of 11.282 individuals in Scotland who took intelligence tests at ___7, 9 and 11 in the 1950s and 1960s, found an "inverse linear association" between childhood IQ scores and hospital admissions for injuries in adulthood

A study ___young adults published in April 2008 by a team from the Universities of Michigan and Bern supports the possibility of the transfer of fluid intelligence from specifically designed working memory training

Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada ___ educational psychologists

Because the tests ___ defined so there is no average difference it is difficult to put any meaning on a statement that one sex has a higher intelligence than the other

Both cohort effects (the birth year of the test-takers) and practice effects (test-takers taking the same form of IQ test more than once) must be controlled for to gain accurate

Current consensus is that fluid intelligence generally declines with age ___ early adulthood, while crystallized intelligence remains intact

Early in the 20th century, the ___ Charles Spearman invented the method of factor analysis to study correlations between cognitive tests

Educational psychology is often included in ___ education programs, in places such as North America, Australia, and New Zealand

However some people have ___claims like this even using unbiased IQ tests

In this field, a professional practitioner or researcher is ___ a psychologist, and can be classified as a social scientist, behavioral scientist, or cognitive scientist

IQ can change over the course of childhood, suggesting interventions ___be developed to change IQ

IQ tests are weighted on these sex differences so there is no bias on average in favor of one sex, ___ the consistent difference in variance is not removed

It is unclear ___ any lifestyle intervention can preserve fluid intelligence into older ages

Many psychologists do scientific research on a wide range of topics related to mental processes and social behavior (typically in university psychology___) and/or teach such knowledge in academic settings

Men and women have statistically significant differences in average scores ___tests of particular abilities

People with a ___IQ have generally lower adult morbidity and mortality

Psychologists attempt to understand the role of mental functions in individual and social behavior, while also exploring the physiological and neurobiological processes ___ underlie certain functions and behaviors

Psychologists employ empirical methods to infer causal and correlational relationships ___ psychosocial variables

Psychologists explore ___ concepts as perception, cognition, attention, emotion, phenomenology, motivation, brain functioning, personality, behavior, and interpersonal relationships

Psychology incorporates ___ from the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities

Psychology is the science of mind and

Psychology’s immediate goal is to understand humanity ___both discovering general principles and exploring specific cases

Rather than ___ down thoughts and behavior to their smallest element, the Gestalt position maintains that the whole of experience is important, and the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Recent research suggests that certain mental activities ___change the brain's ability to process information, leading to the conclusion that intelligence can be altered or changed over time

Research in Scotland has also ___that a 15-point lower IQ meant people had a fifth less chance of living to 76, while those with a 30-point disadvantage were 37% less likely than those with a higher IQ to live that long

School psychologists are trained in educational and behavioral assessment, intervention, prevention, and consultation, and many have ___ training in research