Список вопросов базы знаний

Only eight weeks after conception, the rudiments of this loom are at work, and by the seventh

foetal month, it is possible to record some electrical activity from the growing brain.

I was able to assure him that he was

an entire stranger to me.

Because the evidence from these electrical impulses may in time lead to a greater understanding of the development of

what we call intelligence and the phenomenon of learning, it is worthwhile considering them in greater detail.’

They were neither more numerous nor more

more or less the sequence of invaders who left their indelible mark upon the roads, fields, buildings, dialects, and place-names of England.

Who are the English? They are the descendants of Celts, Romans, Saxons, Jutes, Angles, Vikings, Normans; that being

south of Lincolnshire could translate a Latin letter into English (of Laedene on Englisc).

Mourning the decay of scholarship in a country harried by warfare, King Alfred reported that few men

gifted than any other of the permanent settlers.

Even today an Englishman is surprised – and overseas visitors bewildered – by the variety of English dialects; but in Chaucer’s time

a Kentish man would have sounded almost unintelligible to a Cumbrian, and each would have failed to understand a Devonian.

Nor was this Babel based solely on differences in pronunciation; many of

the commonest words varied with the regions.

Cornwall, indeed, spoke its own Celtic language, and continued to speak it

until the eighteenth century.

Both Scotland and Wales had their regionalism, but it was simple and

and in illustrated books to make sure that, for example, the connection between text and illustrations is clear.

The job of the typographer is to make the reading of the printed page easy an pleasant,

or cooler objects fall faster than lighter or hotter ones.

Detailed calculations find that the acceleration of an object under gravity depends on both the mass and temperature of an object in a way that makes heavier,

clear-cut, being between the north and the south of those two countries.

To be a good teacher, you need to make the material varied; ___, and understandable to your students.

brought

Probably the child first becomes aware of causality when he himself ___ things to move by pushing, pulling, and shaking them.

causes

Although Miss Quested had not made herself popular with the English, she ___ out all that was fine in their character.

interesting

The Elephant (which some call an oliphant) is the biggest of all fourfooted beasts, his forelegs are longer than his hinder, he hath ankles in the lower part of his hinder legs, and five toes on his feet ___, his snout or trunk is so long, and in such form, that it is to him in the stead of a hand: for he neither eateth nor drinketh but by bringing his trunk to his mouth, therewith he helpeth up his master or keeper, therewith he overthroweth trees.

undivided

The mere fact that something has happened a certain number of times causes ___ and men to expect that it will happen again.

tractable

Of all beasts they are most gentle and ___, and are of quick sense and sharpness of wit.

animals

. Safety and security are synonymous in most everyday speech – a dictionary defines ___ as something that ensures safety.

blow

They love rivers, and will often go into them up to the snout, wherewith they ___ and snuff and play in the water.

security

They have continual war against dragons, which desire their ___ because it is very cold: and therefore the dragon lieth in wait as the elephant passeth by.

blood

Notwithstanding that definition, with reference to the doors and windows of a building ___ has a meaning not only different to security but possibly in conflict with it.

means

Leaving aside structural safety, safety in a building means protecting users from accidents and disease; security___ protecting users from violence, and protecting the contents from thieves and vandals.

safety

One of the sharpest areas of conflicts between the two aims arises from the confrontation of the safety requirement of ___ exit easy in case of fire with the security requirement of making entrance difficult to the unauthorised.

making

The first draft ___ them to ‘escape to Essex’, with predictable results.

invited

The Russian-language tourist brochure ___ by Essex County Council for Soviet seamen who come ashore at Tilbury has had to be rewritten.

merely

The brochure now ___ suggests that they ‘explore beautiful Essex.’

produced

As I watched my luggage being lifted onto the ‘Stella’ I knew that it was no use ___ up the pretence any longer.

personally

Every Englishman abroad, until it is ___ to the contrary, likes to consider himself a traveller and not a tourist.

keeping

With the real travel snobs I have shuddered at the mention of pleasure cruises or circular tours or ___ conducted parties, of professional guides and hotels under English management.

proved

They all hate uniforms so much that they all ___ a special uniform of their own: brown velvet trousers, canary yellow pullover, green jacket with sky-blue checks.

wear

My fellow passengers and I were tourists, without any ___ or extenuation; but we were tourists of a new kind.

prove

The suit of clothes has to be chosen with the utmost care and is intended to ___ that its wearer does not care for suits and other petty, worldly things.

compromise

A golden chain around the ankle, purple velvet shoes and a half-wild angora

cat on the shoulders are strongly recommended as they much increase the appearance of arresting casualness.

A certain amount of rudeness is quite indispensable, because you have to prove

day and night that the silly little commonplace rules and customs of society are not meant for you.

It is extremely important that the B.I. should always wear a three-days

beard, as shaving is considered a contemptible bourgeois habit.

Т.В. Williams, you may proudly claim, has never used a comma or a full stop, and what is more, he has improved

Sir Thomas Wyatt and anything in French and letting the reader feel what you would be able to do if you could only find a publisher.

If you find it too difficult to give up these little habits - to say ‘Hullo’ and ‘How d’you do?’ and ‘Thank you,’ etc. – because owing to Auntie Betty’s or Tante Bertha’s strict upbringing they have become second nature, then join a Bloomsbury school for bad manners, and after a fortnight you will feel no

Apollinaire’s and Aragon’s primitive technique by the fact that he does use question marks.

But it is important that you should publish a few literary reviews, scolding and disparaging everything and everybody on earth from a very superior and high-brow point of view, quoting

pang of conscience when stepping deliberately on the corn of the venerable literary editor of a quarterly magazine in the bus.

I remember one B.I. writing of a significant philosophical work and admitting in the opening sentence that he

following operations upon any single connected text.

Discourse analysis performs the

everybody would be able to pay much more taxes than before.

The abolition of all taxation would enrich the popu so enormously that

did not understand it; still, I suppose the review passed as buoyant and alarmingly sincere.

The sentences of the text are divided into intervals, each a succession of equivalence classes, in such a way

in particular for the patterning of class occurrence.

The operations make no use of any knowledge concerning the

meaning of the morphemes or the intent or conditions of the author.

The succession of intervals is then investigated for the distribution of classes which it exhibits,

that each resulting interval is maximally similar in its class composition to other intervals of the text.

Discourse analysis yields considerable information about the ___ of a text or the type of a text, and about the role that each element plays in such a structure.

structure

It also yields information about streches of speech longer than one sentence, thus it turns out that while there are relations among ___ sentences, these are not visible in sentence structure (in terms of what is subject and what is predicate, or the like), but in the pattern of occurrence of equivalence classes through successive sentences.

successive

A message can be communicated to a mass audience by many means; hardly an American lives through a day without ___ the impact of at least one of the mass media.

feeling

The oldest media are those of the printed word and picture which carry their ___ through the sense of sight: the weekly and daily newspapers, magazines, books, pamphlets, direct mail circulars, and billboards.

news

Radio is the mass communication ___ aimed at the sense of sound, whereas television and motion pictures appeal both to the visual and auditory senses.

message

The reader turns to his newspaper for ___ and opinion, entertainment, and the advertising it publishes.

medium

In the weekly the focus is upon the reader’s own community; in the ___ the focus is upon the nation and the world as well.

original

On busy days when you really have to put your back into it, don’t turn у our back on your body. Our ___ Crunchy Bars are high in fibre, making digestion faster, more efficient.

daily

Magazines give him background information, entertainment, opinion, and the advertising; books offer longer range and more detailed ___ of subjects, as well as entertainment; pamphlets, direct mail pieces, and billboards bring the views of commercial and civic organizations.

examination

Buyers who acquired property needing modernization, and who may have spent large sums on ___ have been particularly hard hit just when they thought their teething problems had been sorted out.

facing

The recent rise in interest rates has meant that many couples are ___ an uphill struggle to keep up their monthly mortgage repayments.

improvements

If you are a student and I am your teacher, it’s up to you to let me know if my input is ___. If you haven’t understood, tell me.

unclear

After we came out of the church, we stood talking for some time together of Bishop Berkeley’s ingenious ___ to prove the non-existence of matter, and that everything in the universe is merely ideal.

sophistry

At informal conversational gatherings, it is common for a wife to look interested when her husband tells an anecdote and to ___ him with appropriate leads and cues, although in fact she has heard the anecdote many times and knows that the show her husband is making of telling something for the first time is only a show.

emigrant

During the last quarter of the (19th) century large numbers of ___ farmers were flowing into the Great Plains (of the USA).

feed

There are still some traces of its physical form and architectural character in some of the ___ areas that remain in the market, but a new road pattern has now been established.

residential

The Piglet lived in a very grand house in the middle of a beech-tree, and the beech-tree was in the ___ of the forest and the Piglet lived in the middle of the house. Next to his house was a piece of broken board which had: “TRESPASSERS W” on it.

middle

The character and coherence that the Old City possessed is ___ but development by modern buildings has not replaced this by anything that can yet mark the new City of Kuwait as a great capital city.

vanishing

If a continental greengrocer asks 14 schillings (or crowns, or francs, or pengoes, or dinars or leis or ....... or лева, or whatever you like) for a bunch of

radishes, and his customer offers 2, and finally they strike a bargain agreeing on 6 schillings, francs, roubles, etc., this is just the low continental habit of bargaining.

. Bargaining is a repulsive habit; compromise is one of the highest human virtues – the

difference between the two being that the first is practised on the Continent, the latter in Great Britain.

On the other hand, if the British dock-workers or any workers claim a rise of 4 shillings per day, and the employers first flatly refuse even a penny, but after six weeks strike they agree to a rise of 2 shillings per day –

that is yet another proof of the British genius for compromise

It is all right to have windows, but you must not have double windows because double windows would indeed stop

curses of civilisation with the vicissitudes of life in the open.

An average English house combines all the

the wind from blowing right into the room, and after all, you must be fair and give the wind a chance.

It is all right to have central heating in an English home, except the bath room,

because that is the only place where you are naked and wet at the same time, and you must give British germs a fair chance.

You sit in front of it

extremes and settles the problem of how to burn and catch cold at the same time.

It is a fair compromise between two

indeed a traditional, institution.

The open fire is an accepted,

and your face is hot whilst your back is cold.

The English weather is a fair compromise between rain and fog; to employ an English charwoman

in a queue in front of a cinema is a compromise between entertainment and asceticism.

The fact that you may have a drink at five past six p.m., but that it is a criminal offence to have it at five to six is an extremely wise compromise

between two things, achieving the great aim that nobody can get drunk between three o’clock and six o’clock in the afternoon unless he wants to and drinks at home.

English spelling is a compromise between documentary expressions and an elaborate code-system; spending three hours

is a compromise between having a dirty house or cleaning it yourself; Yorkshire pudding is a compromise between a pudding and the county of Yorkshire.

Loan-words have been called the milestones of philology, because in a great many instances

they permit us to fix approximately the dates of linguistic changes.

When in two languages we find no trace of the exchange

of loan-words one way or the other, we are safe to infer that the two nations have had nothing to do with each other.

But they might with just as much right be termed some of the milestones of general history,

because they show us the course of civilization and the wanderings of intentions and institutions, and in many cases give us valuable information as to the inner life of nations.

If all other sources of information were closed to us except such loan-words in our ___ North-European languages as “piano,” “soprano,” “opera,” “libretto,” “tempo,” “adagio” etc., we should still have no hesitation in drawing the conclusion that Italian music has played a great role all over Europe.

brings

But if they have been in contact, the number of the loan-words and still more the quality of the loan-words, rightly ___, will inform us of their reciprocal relations, they will show us which of them has been the more fertile in ideas and on what domains of human activity each has been superior to the other.

interpreted

Similar instances might easily be multiplied, and in many ways the study of language ___ home to us the fact that when a nation produces something that its neighbours think worthy of imitation these will take over not only the thing but also the name.

modern

But if a native word is not ready to handle it is easier to adopt the ready-made word used in the other country; this foreign word is very often ___ even in cases where it would seem to offer no great difficulty to coin an adequate expression by means of native word-material.

possesses

As, on the other hand, there is generally nothing to ___ one to use words from foreign languages for things one has just as well at home, loan-words are nearly always “technical” words belonging to one special branch оf knowledge or industry, and may be grouped so as to show what each nation has learnt from each of the others.

imported

This will be the general rule, though exceptions may occur, especially when a language ___ a native word that will lend itself without any special effort to the new thing imported from abroad.

induce

One of the most important points about this new office block is that it makes use of an effective

heat recovery system which maintains office temperatures at 210С.

Mrs Thatcher has succeeded in making people believe in her economic ‘miracle’,

office machinery, and occupants. In this way, a controlled even temperature within offices can be achieved for a relatively small increase in capital outlay, at the same time cutting down energy consumption to a minimum.

The basic principle of the system is that it uses reclaimed heat which has been generated within the building from lights,

which, as we have repeatedly argued, is largely an illusion.

As one delegate to the Cannes film festival put it: Technically the British

it look younger and healthier, or it may label it as belonging to a particular social category.

Make-up does several things to the human face. It may disguise it or protect it from the sun; it may make

itself, and may also affect tasks performed immediately afterwards.

It is not surprising to find that success or failure in a task has some effect on the performance of that task

are always superb, but when you are watching a comedy show only one question really counts - does it make you laugh?’

Try to avoid wringing your hands, as this conveys nervousness, or raising your forefinger when you speak because the

body language and feel more confident.

A type of reading which necessitates careful attention to detail is proof-reading, in which the reader, in order to detect misprints, has

implicit aggression will arouse an unco-operative response.

In any interaction which makes you anxious, you can learn to adjust your own

to notice not so much the meaning of what he reads as the exact shapes and order of letters and words in the text.