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In 1066 the Normans,

the Normans and the Anglo-Saxons formed the English people.

As the years passed,

to make homes for themselves in the new land across the ocean.

They need not have

a people who came from the north of France, conquered England.

They had decided

written the composition.

After a stormy voyage across the Atlantic, their small ship, the "Mayflower",

more European settlers came and more colonies were formed.

As their settlements were called "colonies",

reached the shores of the new land.

Soon more and

the people were called "colonists".

The American colonies grew bigger and bigger, they prospered,

but they were for a long time ruled by England, and all the riches of the new country belonged to England.

The leaders of the new state decided they would form a republic which would have

when England and Scotland were united under one king, and became a powerful state.

In the 15th century it conquered

Wales.

George Washington (1732-1799) who had led the Americans in the war,

became the first President.

There were many wars between England and Scotland until 1707,

no king but would have a President, who was to be chosen every four years.

Lying northwest of downtown Los Angeles, it is bounded by Hyperion Avenue and Riverside Drive (east),

whose name is synonymous with the American motion-picture industry.

Since the early 1900s, when movie-making pioneers found in southern California an ideal blend of mild climate, much sunshine, varied terrain, and a large labour market,

the image of Hollywood as the fabricator of tinseled cinematic dreams has become worldwide.

An adobe was the first house built on the site near Los Angeles, which was then a small city in the new state of California, Hollywood was laid out as a real-estate subdivision in 1887 by Horace Wilcox,

a prohibitionist from Kansas who envisioned a community based on his sober religious principles.

Hollywood is a district within the city of Los Angeles, California, U.S.,

Beverly Boulevard (south), the foothills of Santa Monica Mountains (north), and Beverly Hills (west).

Among the writers who were fascinated with Hollywood in its "golden age" were the novelists

20th Century-Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, Columbia, Warner Brothers, and others.

For more than three decades, from the silent screen through the advent of the talking picture, such men as D.W. Griffith, Goldwyn, Adolph Zukor and others served as overlords of the great film studios –

F. Scott Fitzgerald, Aldous Huxley, Evelyn Waugh, and Nathanael West.

With the advent of television,

Hollywood began to alter its functions.

After World War II, film studios began to move outside Hollywood; and location filming around the world emptied

many of the famous lots and sound stages or turned them over to television show producers.

By the early 1960s it had become the source of

Hollywood began to alter its functions.

With the advent of television,

many of the famous lots and sound stages or turned them over to television show producers.

After World War II, film studios began to move outside Hollywood; and location filming around the world emptied

Beverly Hills and Bel Air.

Many stars, past and present, live in neighbouring communities such as

much of American network television entertainment.

Many stars, past and present, live in neighbouring communities such as

popularity throughout the world.

For over 50 years, American movies have continued to grow in

Beverly Hills and Bel Air.

By the early 1960s it had become the source of

much of American network television entertainment.

Generations have grown up watching American films (and viewing America through them!),

for better or for worse.

Television has only increased

Americans films they choose to run.

In many cases, these American films, old or new, are shown

this popularity.

The great blockbusters of film entertainment that stretch from Gone with the Wind to

Star Wars receive the most attention.

What most national television systems across the globe have in common is the large proportion of

more often than are the homegrown variety.

Exceptions to this rule include foreign-language films,

which are submitted by their country of origin and need not have been shown in the United States.

Documentaries and short films have different eligibility requirements and are officially submitted by their producers,

whereas music awards require the musical artist to file a submission form.

The academy is divided into various branches of film production, and the nominees in each award category are

chosen by the members of the corresponding branch; thus, writers nominate writers, directors nominate directors, and so forth.

Only members of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences may

nominate and vote for candidates for the Oscars.

Many of the towns and villages, churches, covered bridges, weathered farms and barns date back to the 17th century,

where the ancestors of many Americans lived before moving West.

Vermont is a mostly

never been determined.

The true origin of the nickname has

rural state.

The name has also been attributed to academy librarian Margaret Herrick,

who declared that the statuette looked like her Uncle Oscar.

Preserving virgin (old-growth) groves of ancient redwood trees, including the world's tallest tree,

and includes land held in three state parks: Jedediah Smith Redwoods, Del Norte Coast Redwoods, and Prairie Creek Redwoods.

Redwood National Park is in

the park also features 40 miles (64 km) of scenic Pacific coastline.

It was established in 1968, with a boundary change in 1978,

and was designated a World Heritage site in 1980.

It covers an area of 172 square miles (445 square km)–of which more than one-third is old-growth forest –

the northwestern corner of California, U.S.

Preserving virgin (old-growth) groves of ancient redwood trees, including the world's tallest tree,

the park also features 40 miles (64 km) of scenic Pacific coastline.

Sea lions and harbour seals live offshore; bald eagles, doubled-crested cormorants,

and endangered California brown pelicans glide above the ocean beaches and sea cliffs.

It covers an area of 172 square miles (445 square km)–of which more than one-third is old-growth forest –

and includes land held in three state parks: Jedediah Smith Redwoods, Del Norte Coast Redwoods, and Prairie Creek Redwoods.

The national park (and state parks) stretch along the California coast from Crescent City, headquarters of the national park,

south past the mouth of the Klamath River to the environs of the town of Orick.

In 1963 a redwood called “Tall Tree,” located on Redwood Creek in Tall Trees Grove in the southern section of the park,

was measured at 112.1 metres tall (although its top broke off later) and had a diameter of 4 metres.

Although there are black bears in the park, the Roosevelt elk

is the most commonly seen wild mammal.

The coast redwood, which is found in the park, is fast-growing and among the longest-lived species on earth

bobcats, blacktail deer, chipmunks, and squirrels.

Other wildlife includes coyotes,

(living an average of 600 years); it is also the tallest of the world's trees.

The memorial, first suggested by Jonah Robinson

of the South Dakota State Historical Society, was dedicated in 1925.

The four heads, each about 60 ft high, represent, respectively,

paid most of the costs.

Work began in 1927 under Gutzon Borglum and was finished in 1941,

after six and a half years of actual work.

The federal government

the nation's founding, political philosophy, preservation, and expansion and conservation.

Work began in 1927 under Gutzon Borglum and was finished in 1941,

General George Washington.

The city is called after the first President of the United States,

paid most of the costs.

The federal government

after six and a half years of actual work.

Washington is the capital of

the United States of America.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

The Kingdom of England and Tsardom of Russia established relations in 1553,

Czar Peter I of Russia visited Britain for three months.

During the Grand Embassy of Peter I in 1697-1698,

when English navigator Richard Chancellor arrived in Archangelsk.

He returned to England and was sent back to Russia in 1555,

between England and Russia until 1698.

The Muscovy Company held a monopoly over trade

the same year the Muscovy Company was established.

The Kingdom of Great Britain and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland had increasingly important ties with the Russian Empire,

the two empires found themselves as sometime allies and sometime enemies.

The two states fought on the same side during War of the Austrian Succession (1740–1748),

but on opposite sides during Seven Years' War (1756–1763).

During the series of general European wars of the eighteenth century,

after Czar Peter I brought Russia into European affairs and declared himself an emperor.

The outbreak of the French Revolution and its attendant wars temporarily united constitutionalist Britain

and autocratic Russia in an ideological alliance against French republicanism.

Britain occupied Malta, while the Emperor Paul I of Russia

after which Britain and Russia became allies against Napoleon in the Napoleonic Wars.

That led to the never-executed Indian March of Paul,

was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.

The two countries fought each other during the Anglo-Russian War (1807-1812),

which was a secret project of a planned allied Russo-French expedition against the British dominions in India.

Britain and Russian attempted to halt the French

but the failure of their joint invasion of the Netherlands in 1799 precipitated a change in attitudes.

The Eastern Question and the fate of the Ottoman Empire became of interest to both countries,

and they both intervened in the Greek War of Independence, eventually forcing the London peace treaty on the belligerents.

There was cooperation in Asia, however, as the two countries intervened in China

during the Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901).

The issues surrounding the Ottomans were not resolved, however,

and lead to the Crimean War (1853-1856) fought by Britain, France, and the Ottomans against Russia.

Rivalry between Britain and Russia developed over Central Asia in the Great Game of the late nineteenth century,

as Russia desired warm-water ports on the Indian Ocean while Britain wanted to prevent Russian troops from gaining a potential invasion route to India.

Both countries were then part of the subsequent alliance

was Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller.

Britain occupied Malta, while the Emperor Paul I of Russia

made both countries part of the Triple Entente.

Anglo-Russian Entente and the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907

which was a secret project of a planned allied Russo-French expedition against the British dominions in India.

That led to the never-executed Indian March of Paul,

against the Central Powers in the First World War.

After the Russian Revolution, Britain sent troops to Russia in the failed

signed the Munich Agreement with Nazi Germany.

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

recognised the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on February 1, 1924.

In 1938 a few Western countries, including Britain,

Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

Relations between then

and the Second World War were tense.

The USSR opposed to the pact and refused to recognize

along with Britain, fighting against the Axis Powers.

The Soviet felt excluded from Western consideration and vulnerable to possible hostilities by the West or Germany,

and in response the USSR signed the Nazi-Soviet pact.

The USSR thereafter became one of the Allies of World War II

(the Winter War), yet could not afford to alienate the Soviets while war with Germany loomed.

This complicated relations with Britain as the British leadership was sympathetic to Finland in her war against the USSR

Germany's annexation of part of Czechoslovakia.

The Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran secured the oil fields

in Iran from falling into Axis hands.

Arctic convoys transported supplies between Britain

typified by spying and other covert activities.

Relations were generally tense during the ensuing Cold War,

that the Soviet occupation of Eastern Europe was like 'an iron curtain'.

British prime minister Churchill said

and the USSR during the war.

Soviet spies were later discovered in Britain, such as Kim Philby and the Cambridge Five spy ring,

to allegations of spying, and extradition disputes.

After the collapse of the USSR, relations between Britain

which was operating in England in until 1963.

In the 21st century, however, while trade and human ties have proliferated, diplomatic ties have suffered due

in contrast with the detente policy of the 1970s, although relations became warmer after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in 1985.

British prime minister Margaret Thatcher pursued a strong anti-communist policy in concert with Ronald Reagan during the 1980s,

and the new Russian Federation were initially warm.

My love of nature goes right back to my childhood,

obviously I didn't have much money in those days.

Unlike many of the wildlife photographers of the time,

to the times when I stayed on my grandparents' farm in Suffolk.

I went off to take my first pictures of

I trained as a scientist and therefore my way of expressing myself is very different.

I became keen very quickly, and learned how to develop and print;

sea anemones and starfish.

Their bright colors actually provide good camouflage in the dappled light

about six birds.

Toco toucans live in small flocks of

eat insects and, sometimes, young birds, eggs, or lizards.

In addition to fruit, Toco toucans

of the rain forest canopy.

However, the birds commonly keep up a racket of vocalization,

which both parents care for.

They usually have two to four eggs each year,

to supply demand for this trade.

These iconic birds are very popular pets, and many are captured

which suggests that they are not trying to remain hidden.

Young toucans do not have a large bill at birth–

it grows as they develop and does not become full size for several months.

The term "peacock" is commonly used

their mates according to the size, color, and quality of these outrageous feather trains.

Technically, only males

they are called peafowl.

Females are believed to choose

are peacocks.

Females are peahens, and together,

to refer to birds of both sexes.

Peacocks are ground-feeders that eat insects,

plants, and small creatures.

The blue peacock lives in India and Sri Lanka, while the green peacock is found

peacock species.

A more distinct and little-known species, the Congo peacock,

in Java and Myanmar (Burma).

There are two familiar

inhabits African rain forests.

Their bright colors actually provide good camouflage in the dappled light

which suggests that they are not trying to remain hidden.

However, the birds commonly keep up a racket of vocalization,

their weight, and also to skin their pickings.

The birds use them to reach fruit on branches that are too small to support

of the rain forest canopy.

But the toucan's bill is useful

as a feeding tool.

At first they melt in the warmth of the early morning sun but

or warm fine summer days return in mid-October (Indian summer) gilding the autumn leaves.

Winter cold comes back when spring seems already to be here,

of the seasons.

The weather changes with the change

as the days get shorter they may last throughout the day.

At other times strong winds bring stormy weather

with heavy rain and gales.

Without it novels of Victorian London, of the adventures of Sherlock Holmes

would lose much of their charm.

The moods of British weather are

so common that the general climate is very mild.

It is true there is a lot of rain in London but the constant dense pea-soup fog

belongs more to fiction than to fact.

On the whole the warm moist winds off the warm waters of the North Atlantic Drift are

really surprising.

To deal with the war wounded, the Emergency Hospital Service, including both voluntary and municipal hospitals,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

was developed within existing organisations as required.

Some local authorities began to provide improved social and health services,

mainly for schools, mothers and children.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

bad diet are still major contributors to poor health.

Unemployment, poverty, poor housing and

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

These days, the groom often wears

help with the flowers and dress.

The vicar blesses the wedding ring

and places it on the third finger of the bride’s left hand.

The bridesmaids and page boy

something borrowed and something blue.

For luck, she wears something old, something new,

a ring too.

It's 20 roubles and

it doesn't depend on the distance you go.

If there are many cars, buses and trolley-buses in the town we say

to pay fare.

If the vehicles are few we say that the traffic

is light.

When we travel on buses (trams, etc.) we have

that the traffic is heavy.

California is the USA's coolest state and this fantastic multi-centre break

America's sunniest city with its miles of stunning coastline.

Hollywood's Universal Studios is full of heart-thumping roller coasters, or perhaps

seeing your favourite star's handprints at Grauman's Chinese Theatre will thrill you more?

Finally it's down to family-friendly San Diego,

combines all the best bits in a sun-filled, fun-filled frenzy!

Take a snap of the famous Hollywood sign before heading to Anaheim, home of DISNEYLAND's action-packed

CALIFORNIA ADVENTURE PARK and original DISNEYLAND Park.

There are other equally thrilling rides within

a wonderful resort atmosphere.

This southern California city, just 10 miles from the Mexican border has

driving distance including Knott's Berry Farm, Knott's Soak City Orange County and LEGOLAND California.

Enjoy 5 nights of rest and relaxation in San Diego,

your first 3 nights in the film-making capital of the world!

Fly in to Los Angeles airport, collect your car and make the journey to Hollywood to spend

famous for its perfect climate and beautiful beaches.

It's no wonder that this city is consistently voted the world's best by visitors, as well as

driving distance including Knott's Berry Farm, Knott's Soak City Orange County and LEGOLAND California.

Attractions include SeaWorld San Diego and

the one people would most like to go to!

Australia's oldest city is built around a series of natural inlets and beaches culminating in Sydney Cove, which

the world-famous San Diego Zoo.

There are other equally thrilling rides within

is dominated by the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge.

Sydney is also home to one of the world's most

exciting restaurant scenes.

Just down from here is Circular Quay where you can take the ferry to

the Art Deco Museum of Contemporary Art and the brilliant Powerhouse Museum.

Overlooking the harbour is the historic Rocks area - Sydney's birthplace,

various beaches and the excellent Taronga Zoo.

When it comes to the arts, Sydney is second to none. Be sure to check out

its narrow streets packed with attractive colonial buildings, restaurants, bars and upmarket shops.

It's no wonder that this city is consistently voted the world's best by visitors, as well as

is dominated by the Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge.

Australia's oldest city is built around a series of natural inlets and beaches culminating in Sydney Cove, which

Sydney is the city with everything.

With all this, plus more than 300 sunshine days a year, it's clear that

the one people would most like to go to!

Enjoy

exploring it!

The British have some very rigid codes of

doing the wrong things soon find themselves rejected.

They have their lives

his neighbours and their way of doing things.

Individuals who do not do the right things and do not avoid

to live in their own way, and he has his.

For example, it is part of the Englishman’s code not to intrude upon

behaviour, notably the public-school code.

BSc (Bachelor of Science)

магистр (естественных) наук

M.Sc. (Master of Science)

магистр гуманитарных наук

M.A. (Master of Arts)

бакалавр (естественных) наук

law-making body

законодательный орган

branch of the government

ветвь правительства

in the name of the monarch

от имени монарха

supreme authority

верховная власть

distinguishable

смешивать

in the name of the monarch

ветвь правительства

branch of the government

от имени монарха

intermingle

отличительный

turtle

черепаха (морская)

flora and fauna

черепаха (сухопутная)

to annihilate

флора и фауна

tortoise

истреблять, уничтожать

den

истреблять, уничтожать

undergrowth

берлога, логово, нора

tortoise

подлесок, подлесье

to annihilate

черепаха (сухопутная)

reptile

головастик

pounce

коготь (ястреба и т. п.)

tadpole

пресмыкающееся, рептилия

to dart

рвануться, кинуться, мчаться стрелой