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Local authorities also began to take some steps to control water supplies and

to find some substitute for the old system.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

to try to check epidemics.

The earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds,

which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities the care of the sick and the destitute.

Hospitals were built with private endowments and subscriptions and were made increasingly available on a charitable basis to the general population,

British medical services developed.

From the middle of the nineteenth century working people of modest means began increasingly to

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

Medical science advanced and

insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident and friendly societies and sick clubs.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

Public measures to promote healthier living conditions, however,

remit all or most of their fees to the poor.

Many public-spirited medical practitioners would at that time

preceded adequate public provision for the care of the sick.

Medical science advanced and

British medical services developed.

By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

to find some substitute for the old system.

Rapid growth of towns in the first half of the nineteenth century caused an intensification of

sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics.

A programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick led to the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which established

a comprehensive public health system under unified control and laid down minimum standards for its services.

In the twentieth century the provision for personal health services began

to improve rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment.

The National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year were entitled

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

to the services of a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies.

This scheme came to cover most of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for

their medical care either on paying fees as private patients.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

After 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries began

to develop into local authority general hospitals.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

Some local authorities began to provide improved social and health services,

mainly for schools, mothers and children.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

To deal with the war wounded, the Emergency Hospital Service, including both voluntary and municipal hospitals,

was developed within existing organisations as required.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

These various health services, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

The welfare food service for mothers was introduced and

school meals services and industrial canteens were expanded.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

how long people live and whether there are still many common serious infectious diseases.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

It is difficult to judge exactly how healthy a nation is but there are various indicators such as

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

Unemployment, poverty, poor housing and

bad diet are still major contributors to poor health.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and strokes (40 per cent of men and 38 per cent of women) than of any other group of diseases.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

Heart disease kills about 30,000 men

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

under the age of 65 every year.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

over the last ten years.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

Efforts have been made to improve co-ordination between government departments

over the last ten years.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

to influence the nation’s diet and to advise on food production and consumption.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

It is not a lack of awareness usually; rather,

it has something to do with distance and size.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

Alaska provides over six times as much assistance as does Alabama.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

As a result, in the AFDC program, designed to benefit children being raised in single-parent families,

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Universities and similar institutions also often

met with good success.

By law, health care is available to

in effect which try to place welfare recipients in public-service jobs.

In about half of the states, programs are

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

those without any money or insurance.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs

and no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

Most large universities sponsor free legal aid clinics that provide legal

better retirement payments, better or fuller medical care, and so on.

When employees strike, therefore, they often ask for "fringe" benefits,

assistance and advice for a token fee.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed

those from the governmental programs available to everybody.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

met with good success.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

By law, health care is available to

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

Universities and similar institutions also often

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

those without any money or insurance.

Doctors are always devising new cures

to do just that.

If only you could postpone death

an incurable disease now.

Now some people are trying

for diseases that kill people

But suppose you are dying from

until a cure was found!

One young man consented to having his body frozen and placed in a massive capsule in order

that people have to die to make room for those who are about to be born.

There is also a gloomy fear that the world is already overcrowded and

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

Some people have denounced this

to preserve it until doctors find a cure for his disease.

But suppose you are dying from

unforeseen problems undoubtedly will arise.

They resent human attempts to

an incurable disease now.

If the experiment works,

molest the natural order of life and death.

They resent human attempts to

molest the natural order of life and death.

Some people have denounced this

until a cure was found!

If only you could postpone death

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

A famous American doctor came to England

to study the latest methods.

They were the same as

doctors used in the United States.

He understood them all except for

some charts marked GOK.

When he looked at the charts,

he found that the system of abbreviations was familiar to him.

"How can I suppose

to understand this GOK?" he asked.

"That's what we use when

we don't know the diagnosis."

He decided to consult a British

an epidemic of it!

"I see you have quite

colleague about it.

It means God

Only Knows."

He decided to consult a British

colleague about it.

"I see you have quite

we don't know the diagnosis."

"That's what we use when

an epidemic of it!

He told Mother that

looking pale and tired.

He had tried taking a couple of aspirins

about ten o'clock in the morning.

First of all he had had a headache since

but they had not had any effect.

On Monday John came home in the evening

he had felt terrible all day.

He didn't want to do anything -

feeling as bad as this.

Mother felt his forehead - it felt hot

as if he had got a temperature.

He couldn't remember

all he wanted to do was to go to bed, and this he did.

He had also had a cough for several days

and now his chest felt painful.

She couldn't remember that she had ever seen

was flushed.

John's breathing was heavy and his face

him looking as ill as this.

When it was ready, she brought it in to

so she went into the kitchen and made him a warm drink.

She thought he had caught flu,

him but John was asleep.

And he had had a cold ever since

although the weather had been cold and windy.

Mother rang up the doctor and

asked him to call at the flat.

She remembered that he had forgotten to take his overcoat with him that morning

was no better.

The next morning John

New Year's Eve.

At a quarter past twelve there was

the local G. P.

When he took it out, he exclaimed,

his thermometer under John's tongue.

It was Dr Dixon,

"You've got quite a temperature there."

The first thing the doctor did was to stick

a ring at the doorbell.

You'd better

"I'm afraid you might be suffering from pneumonia."

It was Dr Dixon,

his bag and started listening to John's breathing.

Finally he said,

go into hospital.

Dr Dixon produced his stethoscope from

the local G. P.