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By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

to find some substitute for the old system.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

to try to check epidemics.

Local authorities also began to take some steps to control water supplies and

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

The earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds,

which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities the care of the sick and the destitute.

From the middle of the nineteenth century working people of modest means began increasingly to

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

Medical science advanced and

while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm.

Hospitals were built with private endowments and subscriptions and were made increasingly available on a charitable basis to the general population,

insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident and friendly societies and sick clubs.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

British medical services developed.

Public measures to promote healthier living conditions, however,

the number of qualified doctors greatly increased.

Many public-spirited medical practitioners would at that time

British medical services developed.

Medical science advanced and

preceded adequate public provision for the care of the sick.

In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

remit all or most of their fees to the poor.

By the end of the sixteenth century it had become imperative

sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics.

A programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick led to the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which established

a comprehensive public health system under unified control and laid down minimum standards for its services.

In 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act gave local government authorities in England and Wales

the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless.

Rapid growth of towns in the first half of the nineteenth century caused an intensification of

to find some substitute for the old system.

This scheme came to cover most of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for

to the services of a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

to improve rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment.

In the twentieth century the provision for personal health services began

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

The National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year were entitled

their medical care either on paying fees as private patients.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

who had asked to be on their list and been accepted.

The doctors who took part were paid a capitation fee for the patients

to develop into local authority general hospitals.

After 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries began

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

Some local authorities began to provide improved social and health services,

mainly for schools, mothers and children.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

At the same time the voluntary hospitals expanded their free services for the poor with the aid

of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

To deal with the war wounded, the Emergency Hospital Service, including both voluntary and municipal hospitals,

was developed within existing organisations as required.

Proposals for a full health and medical service were the subject of many reports in the inter-war years; it was, however,

school meals services and industrial canteens were expanded.

The welfare food service for mothers was introduced and

the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters.

These various health services, however,

were unevenly distributed and were seen to be inadequate.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

It is difficult to judge exactly how healthy a nation is but there are various indicators such as

how long people live and whether there are still many common serious infectious diseases.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

Unemployment, poverty, poor housing and

bad diet are still major contributors to poor health.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

and strokes (40 per cent of men and 38 per cent of women) than of any other group of diseases.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

Heart disease kills about 30,000 men

under the age of 65 every year.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

over the last ten years.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

Between 1972 and 1999 the percentage of male smokers fell from 52 to 28 per cent;

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

Most victims have a history of high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, or smoking,

and strokes than of any other group of diseases.

One worrying feature about health in Britain is that more people die of heart disease

for women the figure fell from 42 to 26 per cent.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

and attempts have been made to improve the British diet and to persuade people to stop smoking.

But there are other health problems such as smoking-related diseases, alcoholism and drug abuse,

to enjoy better health than working-class people.

On the one hand, as people live in better conditions, eat better food and

the spread of AIDS and the number of people who die from cancer.

Health and health care vary considerably from area to area and middle-class people tend

living in one of the world’s top industrial nations.

However, not everybody enjoys a standard of health consistent with

take more exercise, health standards tend to rise and people live longer.

Efforts have been made to improve co-ordination between government departments

to influence the nation’s diet and to advise on food production and consumption.

Rates in Britain are among the highest in the world and have increased

over the last ten years.

In general, compared with fifty years ago, the health of people in Britain has improved considerably,

partly as a result of better housing and education, and a higher standard of living.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

It is not a lack of awareness usually; rather,

it has something to do with distance and size.

As a result, in the AFDC program, designed to benefit children being raised in single-parent families,

Alaska provides over six times as much assistance as does Alabama.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

In about half of the states, programs are

those without any money or insurance.

By law, health care is available to

met with good success.

Universities and similar institutions also often

in effect which try to place welfare recipients in public-service jobs.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

When employees strike, therefore, they often ask for "fringe" benefits,

assistance and advice for a token fee.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs

better retirement payments, better or fuller medical care, and so on.

Most large universities sponsor free legal aid clinics that provide legal

and no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

those from the governmental programs available to everybody.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

Some of the states' work-fare programs have

are a world away from the sunny beaches of Southern California.

New York City's run-down tenements and the "white trash" of Appalachia, for example,

the sores of Glasgow and the poverty of Greece are his, too, because "we're all in this together’.

It's a bit like trying to convince someone who leads a pleasant life on the Cote d'Azur that

met with good success.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

no one who has to do so can live comfortably.

These people are forced to rely on the basic governmental programs and

which require welfare recipients to work or to participate in job training programs.

Since the 1970s, a number of states have started so-called "workfare" programs

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

Many hundreds of thousands of volunteers and charitable organizations

in the United States are doing their best to help those in need.

Still, there are many individuals who have never worked,

or have never been able to, or who have remained unemployed for long periods.

In many cases the benefits Americans receive from such sources exceed those

from the governmental programs available to everybody.

Universities and similar institutions also often

those without any money or insurance.

Yet, the two images remain and those who have made it sometimes find it difficult

to understand or remember the problems of those who haven't.

By law, health care is available to

support and staff free health and dental clinics.

But suppose you are dying from

for diseases that kill people

If only you could postpone death

until a cure was found!

Doctors are always devising new cures

to do just that.

Now some people are trying

an incurable disease now.

One young man consented to having his body frozen and placed in a massive capsule in order

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

Some people have denounced this

that people have to die to make room for those who are about to be born.

There is also a gloomy fear that the world is already overcrowded and

to preserve it until doctors find a cure for his disease.

They resent human attempts to

unforeseen problems undoubtedly will arise.

If the experiment works,

an incurable disease now.

But suppose you are dying from

molest the natural order of life and death.

If only you could postpone death

molest the natural order of life and death.

Some people have denounced this

unique experiment with a torrent of angry words.

They resent human attempts to

until a cure was found!

They were the same as

doctors used in the United States.

When he looked at the charts,

some charts marked GOK.

He understood them all except for

to study the latest methods.

A famous American doctor came to England

he found that the system of abbreviations was familiar to him.

"I see you have quite

to understand this GOK?" he asked.

"That's what we use when

an epidemic of it!

He decided to consult a British

colleague about it.

"How can I suppose

we don't know the diagnosis."

He decided to consult a British

Only Knows."

"That's what we use when

an epidemic of it!

It means God

we don't know the diagnosis."

"I see you have quite

colleague about it.

First of all he had had a headache since

about ten o'clock in the morning.

He told Mother that

but they had not had any effect.

On Monday John came home in the evening

he had felt terrible all day.

He had tried taking a couple of aspirins

looking pale and tired.

Mother felt his forehead - it felt hot

all he wanted to do was to go to bed, and this he did.

He couldn't remember

feeling as bad as this.

He didn't want to do anything -

and now his chest felt painful.

He had also had a cough for several days

as if he had got a temperature.

She couldn't remember that she had ever seen

was flushed.

John's breathing was heavy and his face

so she went into the kitchen and made him a warm drink.

When it was ready, she brought it in to

him looking as ill as this.

She thought he had caught flu,

him but John was asleep.

Mother rang up the doctor and

asked him to call at the flat.

And he had had a cold ever since

was no better.

She remembered that he had forgotten to take his overcoat with him that morning

New Year's Eve.

The next morning John

although the weather had been cold and windy.

At a quarter past twelve there was

his thermometer under John's tongue.

When he took it out, he exclaimed,

"You've got quite a temperature there."

The first thing the doctor did was to stick

the local G. P.

It was Dr Dixon,

a ring at the doorbell.

You'd better

"I'm afraid you might be suffering from pneumonia."

It was Dr Dixon,

his bag and started listening to John's breathing.

Dr Dixon produced his stethoscope from

the local G. P.

Finally he said,

go into hospital.