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Let us start with the highest library in London,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

amongst the world's leaders.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

development of most major branches of science.

Technologically, the UK is also

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

this tradition of technical creativity.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

this tradition of technical creativity.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

this tradition of technical creativity.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

between Americans and Russians.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Russia had colonized

to the United States.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had colonized

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had occupied

Manchuria at this time.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

Russia had colonized

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Alaska.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

to the United States.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

between Americans and Russians.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Qing Empire.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

During World War I, the United States

allied with Russia in 1917.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

were for a brief period, allies.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

During World War II the two countries

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

of previous divisions between the two nations.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

During World War II the two countries

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

were for a brief period, allies.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

but have recently become more tense.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

but have recently become more tense.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

With the ending of Communism, relations

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

With the ending of Communism, relations

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In regard to international affairs,

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

stability deteriorated greatly.

Public order and

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

The United States and its Western European allies sought

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

to establish ties with

декадентский, , упадочный

degenerate

установить связь

decadent

культурные связи

cultural contact

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

close, intimate, strong ties

установить связь

to establish ties with

правящая элита

ruling elite

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

elitist

человек, принадлежащий к элите

ruling elite

падение, спад, упадок; конец

decline

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance

бунт, восстание, мятеж

uprising

правящая элита

to confuse ( with )

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

dominance ( in, over )

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

literary-minded city

господство; влияние; преобладание

a patron

запутывать, сбивать с толку

Guildhall

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

literary-minded city

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

lending and reference

изобразительное искусство

fine arts

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

mother country

разбрасывать

disperse

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

Guildhall

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

layout

показ, выставка

curiosity shop

монастырь

cloister

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

baffle

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

disperse

разбрасывать

baffle

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

aloof

праздничный, веселый

plunge

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

convivial

ныряние, погружение