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The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

Technologically, the UK is also

amongst the world's leaders.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

development of most major branches of science.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

this tradition of technical creativity.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

tradition of technical creativity.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

between Americans and Russians.

Earlier contacts had occurred

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Russia had colonized

Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1900, Russia and America were

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had colonized

Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Russia had occupied

Manchuria at this time.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

During the 19th century, Russian and

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

American frontiers met in Alaska.

Russia had colonized

Alaska.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Qing Empire.

In 1900, Russia and America were

to the United States.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

During the 19th century, Russian and

between Americans and Russians.

Earlier contacts had occurred

American frontiers met in Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

During World War I, the United States

allied with Russia in 1917.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

were for a brief period, allies.

During World War II the two countries

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

to the United States.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

of previous divisions between the two nations.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

were for a brief period, allies.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

but have recently become more tense.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

but have recently become more tense.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

With the ending of Communism, relations

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

With the ending of Communism, relations

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Public order and

stability deteriorated greatly.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

In regard to international affairs,

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

decadent

декадентский, , упадочный

to establish ties with

культурные связи

cultural contact

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

degenerate

установить связь

elitist

правящая элита

to establish ties with

установить связь

close, intimate, strong ties

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

ruling elite

человек, принадлежащий к элите

ruling elite

бунт, восстание, мятеж

decline

правящая элита

uprising

падение, спад, упадок; конец

dominance

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance ( in, over )

господство; влияние; преобладание

literary-minded city

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

to confuse ( with )

запутывать, сбивать с толку

a patron

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

literary-minded city

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

lending and reference

изобразительное искусство

fine arts

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

Guildhall

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

mother country

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

disperse

показ, выставка

Guildhall

разбрасывать

layout

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

cloister

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

disperse

разбрасывать

curiosity shop

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

baffle

монастырь

plunge

ныряние, погружение

convivial

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

baffle

праздничный, веселый

aloof

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку