Список вопросов базы знаний

Let us start with the highest library in London,

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

amongst the world's leaders.

Technologically, the UK is also

development of most major branches of science.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

development of most major branches of science.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

this tradition of technical creativity.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

During the 19th century, Russian and

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Earlier contacts had occurred

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

Russia had colonized

Alaska.

During the 19th century, Russian and

to the United States.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1900, Russia and America were

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Russia had colonized

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Russia had occupied

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Manchuria at this time.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Alaska.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had colonized

American frontiers met in Alaska.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Qing Empire.

Earlier contacts had occurred

American frontiers met in Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

During the 19th century, Russian and

between Americans and Russians.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

During World War I, the United States

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

allied with Russia in 1917.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

During World War II the two countries

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

were for a brief period, allies.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

During World War II the two countries

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

were for a brief period, allies.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

to the United States.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

of previous divisions between the two nations.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

were for a brief period, allies.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War II the two countries

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

but have recently become more tense.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

but have recently become more tense.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

With the ending of Communism, relations

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

With the ending of Communism, relations

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In regard to international affairs,

stability deteriorated greatly.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

Public order and

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

decadent

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

degenerate

культурные связи

to establish ties with

установить связь

cultural contact

декадентский, , упадочный

to establish ties with

правящая элита

close, intimate, strong ties

человек, принадлежащий к элите

ruling elite

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

elitist

установить связь

ruling elite

падение, спад, упадок; конец

dominance

бунт, восстание, мятеж

decline

правящая элита

uprising

господство; влияние; преобладание

literary-minded city

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance ( in, over )

запутывать, сбивать с толку

to confuse ( with )

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

a patron

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

lending and reference

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

fine arts

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

Guildhall

изобразительное искусство

literary-minded city

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

disperse

разбрасывать

layout

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

mother country

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

Guildhall

показ, выставка

disperse

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

cloister

разбрасывать

curiosity shop

монастырь

baffle

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

baffle

праздничный, веселый

convivial

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

aloof

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

plunge

ныряние, погружение