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To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The archives, however, were preserved. The Library was refounded after the Fire

has not got a library devoted especially to it.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

the Capitular Library of St. Paul's Cathedral.

It would be hard to think of a subject which

and the collection was built up again by gift and purchase during the 17th and 18th centuries.

Let us start with the highest library in London,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

To reach it, you must be prepared for a long climb, for it is situated

right up near the Whispering Gallery which encircles the base of the cathedral dome.

The origin of the library dates back to the seventh century, but all its books,

with the exception of some books printed before 1500 and six manuscripts were destroyed in the Great Fire of London in 1666.

From the highest library in London to the biggest –

William Golding, Iris Murdoch and Muriel Spark.

Among novelists of worldwide reputation are Graham Greene, Angus Wilson

and the large circular Reading Room is in the centre of the Museum building.

Throughout Britain there are festivals and centres of artistic activity –

among them the Edinburgh International Festival, the music festivals at Aldeburgh, Windsor and Cheltenham and opera at Glyndebourne.

The British Museum Library contains about six million books

which, of course, is that of the British Museum.

In 1841 the London Library in St. James Square was founded –

open shelves and also the catalogues for the whole library.

Notable figures include sculptors Henry Moore and Anthony Caro, painters Francis Bacon and Graham Sutherland

a library of about 600,000 volumes, mainly devoted to the humanities and fine arts.

In the Reading Room is a reference section of 30,000 volumes on

and, among younger artists, Richard Smith, Richard Hamilton, who painted the first "pop" picture.

British music owes much to the composer Benjamin Britten,

whose influence has produced a new school of British opera.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

development of most major branches of science.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

amongst the world's leaders.

Technologically, the UK is also

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

development of most major branches of science.

Alan Turing, Frank Whittle (inventor of the jet engine), Charles Babbage (who devised the idea of the computer)

and Alexander Fleming (discoverer of penicillin) were all British.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

this tradition of technical creativity.

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

The UK remains one of the leading providers of technological innovations today, providing inventions as diverse as

the World Wide Web and Viagra (created by Tim Berners-Lee and Pfizer respectively).

Other famous scientists, engineers and inventors from the UK include: John Logie Baird, William Caxton,

Richard Trevithick, Robert Hooke, Humphry Davy, Robert Watson-Watt, Henry Bessemer and others.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

this tradition of technical creativity.

Since Newton's time, figures from the UK have contributed to the

with laboratories such as the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge and the Clarendon Laboratory in Oxford becoming famous in their own right.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

Historically, many of the UK's greatest scientists have been based at either Oxford or Cambridge University,

this tradition of technical creativity.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

development of most major branches of science.

Since then, the United Kingdom has continued this

was one of the driving forces behind the scientific revolution.

In modern times, other institutions such as the Red Brick

and New Universities are catching up with Oxbridge.

This method promoted empiricism and induction in scientific enquiry and

as the co-inventor (with Gottfried Leibniz) of differential calculus.

He is also famous as the father of classical mechanics, formulated as his three laws and

tradition of technical creativity.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

American frontiers met in Alaska.

The relations between the two states are usually considered to have begun in 1776, when the United States

declared its independence from the British Empire and became a state.

Earlier contacts had occurred

between Americans and Russians.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

to the United States.

Russia had colonized

American frontiers met in Alaska.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Alaska.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

Russia had colonized

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

Russia had occupied

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Manchuria at this time.

In 1900, Russia and America were

American frontiers met in Alaska.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Alaska.

Russia had colonized

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

During the 19th century, Russian and

Qing Empire.

Earlier contacts had occurred

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

to the United States.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

between Americans and Russians.

In 1900, Russia and America were

Qing Empire.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

allied during the Boxer Rebellion.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

to the United States.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

between Americans and Russians.

Earlier contacts had occurred

American frontiers met in Alaska.

During the 19th century, Russian and

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

Qing Empire.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

Earlier contacts had occurred

his ship at the port of Kronstadt after a direct transatlantic voyage.

In 1698, Peter the Great and William Penn had met in London, and in 1763 a Boston merchant had anchored

Qing Empire.

They defeated the Boxer rebels in the

between Americans and Russians.

The Russian Civil War started in 1918, and the Americans aided

the anti-communists forces, however, they failed and the Soviet Union was established in 1922.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

allied with Russia in 1917.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

During World War I, the United States

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

were for a brief period, allies.

During World War II the two countries

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

were for a brief period, allies.

During World War II the two countries

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

When the United States joined the war in December 1941, $11,000,000,000

most Americans became sympathetic to the Soviet cause.

The alliance of the United States, the United Kingdom,

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

But when Germany invaded the Soviet Union during World War II,

in Lend Lease aid was allocated to the Soviet Union .

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

and the Soviet Union led to the defeat of Nazi Germany.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

The United States claimed Wrangel Island, Herald Island,

to the United States.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In 1867, Alaska was sold

Bennett Island, Jeannette Island, and Henrietta Island in 1881.

The end of World War II saw the resurfacing

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

particularly the United States, which had established virtual economic and political primacy in Western Europe.

The expansion of S.U. influence into Eastern Europe following Germany's defeat worried the liberal democracies of the west,

of previous divisions between the two nations.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

At the end of this war, the first signs of post-war mistrust and hostility began to appear, escalating into the Cold War,

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

a period of tense and hostile relations between the two countries, with periods of detente.

The United States viewed the Soviet Union as a pariah state during its nascent years and did not extend full diplomatic relations

until November 16, 1933 during Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration – the last Western power to do so.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

The Soviet Union detonated its first atomic weapon in 1949,

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

ending the United States' monopoly on nuclear weapons.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

leading to the dissolution of the Soviet Union on December 25, 1991- is known as the Cold War.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

The United States extended the Marshall Plan to the Soviet Union but under such terms the Americans knew the Soviets

would never accept, namely, the acceptance of free elections not characteristic of Stalinist communism.

This protracted a geopolitical, ideological, and economic struggle- lasting from about 1947 to the period

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

The two nations promoted two opposing economic and political ideologies

and the two nations competed for international influence along these lines.

During World War II the two countries

were for a brief period, allies.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

The relations between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics succeed the relations between

the Russian Empire and the United States and predate the post-Soviet Russo-United States relations.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

which essentially did the same thing, though was more an economic cooperation agreement instead of a clear plan to rebuild.

With its growing influence on Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union sought to counter this with the Comecon in 1949,

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

The Soviet Union countered with the Warsaw Pact,

but have recently become more tense.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

which had similar results with the Eastern Bloc.

Relations between the two nations improved after the collapse,

but have recently become more tense.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

since 1991 began after the demise of the Soviet Union .

Relations between the United States of America and the Russian Federation

new Cold War" may be imminent.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

Some have speculated that a new arms race or "

new Cold War" may be imminent.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

With the ending of Communism, relations

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

With the ending of Communism, relations

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

between Russia and the United States warmed rapidly.

However, the reforms, known as "shock therapy", produced a major economic crisis in Russia, resulting in skyrocketing poverty,

and the Commonwealth of Independent States was formed.

In December 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed

were strongly encouraged and supported by the U.S. administrations of George H. W. Bush and Bill Clinton, and by American economists and corporations.

The aggressive privatization/free market reforms implemented by Russian President Boris Yeltsin during the 1990s

and the rise of corrupt "oligarchs" who amassed power and tremendous wealth after acquiring control of the former Soviet state industries.

On July 31, 1991, the START I treaty cutting back nuclear warheads was

signed by Gorbachev and U.S. president George H.W. Bush.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

its Western European allies economically with the Marshall Plan.

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

After Germany's defeat, the United States sought to help

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

Public order and

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

stability deteriorated greatly.

In regard to international affairs,

Russia largely stayed on the sidelines during this period.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Although lending tacit support to its historical ally, Serbia, Russia stood aside

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

the U.S. and Russia began to have more serious disagreements.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

and did not attempt to block U.S./NATO military interventions in Bosnia and Kosovo during the Balkan conflicts of the 1990s.

During the presidencies of Vladimir Putin and George W. Bush,

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

The United States and the Soviet Union engaged in a conventional and

in order to move forward with plans for a missile defense system.

Under Putin, Russia became more assertive in international affairs than it had been under his predecessor;

nuclear arms race that persisted until the collapse of the Soviet Union.

In 2002, Bush withdrew the U.S. from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

under Bush, the U.S. took an increasingly unilateral course in its foreign policy, particularly in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks.

They accomplished this most notably through the formation of NATO

the relaxation of Soviet control under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule.

The United States and its Western European allies sought

to strengthen their bonds and spite the Soviet Union .

Full diplomatic relations between the two countries were

established late due to U.S. hostility towards communism.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of

which was basically a mutual defense agreement.

decadent

культурные связи

cultural contact

вырождающийся; вырождаться, перерастать (into - во что-л.); ухудшаться

to establish ties with

декадентский, , упадочный

degenerate

установить связь

ruling elite

человек, принадлежащий к элите

elitist

правящая элита

to establish ties with

сильная связь, близкие отношения, тесный контакт

close, intimate, strong ties

установить связь

uprising

бунт, восстание, мятеж

ruling elite

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance

правящая элита

decline

падение, спад, упадок; конец

to confuse ( with )

господство; влияние; преобладание

dominance ( in, over )

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

a patron

запутывать, сбивать с толку

literary-minded city

покровитель, шеф; глава, заступник, руководитель

Guildhall

книги, выдаваемые на дом и справочники (справочная литература)

fine arts

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

literary-minded city

изобразительное искусство

lending and reference

город, заботящийся о литературном образовании жителей

disperse

Гилдхолл (здание ратуши Лондонского Сити)

Guildhall

разбрасывать

mother country

показ, выставка

layout

метрополия (по отношению к колониям); отечество, отчизна, родина

disperse

монастырь

curiosity shop

разбрасывать

cloister

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

baffle

антикварный магазин, «Лавка древностей» (по одноименному роману Диккенса)

baffle

отчужденный, равнодушный, надменный

convivial

ныряние, погружение

aloof

ставить в тупик, сбивать с толку

plunge

праздничный, веселый