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These savings may accumulate in the form of savings deposits, savings and loan

to make expenditures, pay their debts, or complete other transactions and must borrow or sell equity to obtain the money they need to conduct their operations.

Consumers, business firms, and governments often do not have the funds available

shares, or pension and insurance claims; when loaned out at interest or invested in equity shares, they provide a source of investment funds.

Savers and investors, on the other hand, accumulate funds

which could earn interest or dividends if put to productive use.

They include commercial banks, savings banks,

funds in the form of credit, loans, or invested capital to those economic entities that most need them or can put them to the most productive use.

The institutions that channel funds from savers to users

are called financial intermediaries.

Finance is the process of channeling these

savings and loan associations, and such nonbank institutions as credit unions, insurance companies, pension funds, investment companies, and finance companies.

Three broad areas in finance have developed specialized institutions,

to serve the needs of these areas jointly and separately.

Business finance is a form of applied economics that uses

the quantitative data provided by accounting, the tools of statistics, and economic theory in an effort to optimize the goals of a corporation or other business entity.

In developed nations, an elaborate structure of financial markets and institutions exists

procedures, standards, and goals: business finance, personal finance, and public finance.

The basic financial decisions involved include an estimate of future

of trade credit, bank loans, and commercial paper.

Business financing makes use of short-term credit in the form

through the operations of national and international capital markets.

Long-term funds are obtained by the sale of securities (stocks and bonds) to a variety of financial institutions and individuals

asset requirements and the optimum combination of funds needed to obtain those assets.

Individuals typically obtain mortgages from commercial banks

investment of personal savings, and the use of consumer credit.

The basic financial decisions

and savings and loan associations to purchase their homes, while financing for the purchase of consumer durable goods can be obtained from banks and finance companies.

Personal finance deals primarily with family budgets, the

involved include an estimate of future asset requirements and the optimum combination of funds needed to obtain those assets.

Public debt is obligations of governments, particularly those evidenced by

securities, to pay certain sums to the holders at some future time.

Public debt is distinguished from private debt,

is thus distinguished from the public debt of state and local government bodies.

The debt owed by national governments is usually referred to as the national debt and

which consists of the obligations of individuals, business firms, and nongovernmental organizations.

In the United Kingdom, debt or loans incurred by local authorities

are referred to as corporation, or county, loans, thus distinguishing them from central government debt, which is frequently referred to simply as funds.

In the United States, bonds issued by the states and local governments are

known as municipals.

In the past, paper money was frequently regarded in the United States as a portion of the public debt, but in more recent years money has

been regarded as a distinct type of obligation, in part because paper money is usually no longer payable in gold, silver, or other specific items of intrinsic value.

With sovereign governments, the debt holders can take

only such legal action to enforce payment as the governments themselves prescribe.

Public debt is an obligation of a government; and, although

individuals are called upon in their capacity as taxpayers to provide funds for payment of interest and principal on the debt, their own property cannot be attached to meet the obligations if the government fails to do so.

Similarly, government property normally cannot be seized

to meet these obligations.

уставной капитал

authorised capital

начальный капитал

basic capital

оборотный капитал

seed capital

скидка

percent

процент

currency

валюта

discount

девальвация

evaluation

нехватка

shortage

оценка

devaluation

проект

loan

кредитор

creditor

облигация

project

услуги

capital

фонды

services

капитал

funds

предлагать

to offer

продавать

to sell

обслуживать

to serve

низкий

profitable

выгодный

high

высокий

low

мелкий

small

иностранный

private

частный

foreign

капиталовложения

management

доверие

confidence

управление

investments

валюта

rate

процент

procent

ставка

currency