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Практический курс перевода (курс 1)

Вопрос id:2131603
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Its first loans were geared toward the postwar reconstruction of western Europe.
Вопрос id:2131604
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Loan guarantees and insurance to foreign investors against loss caused by noncommercial risks in developing countries are provided by the MIGA.
Вопрос id:2131605
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The wealthier and more developed countries constitute the bank's major shareholders and thus exercise greater power and influence.
Вопрос id:2131606
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The bank obtains its funds from the capital subscriptions of member countries, bond flotations on the world's capital markets, and net earnings accrued from interest payments on IBRD and IFC loans.
Вопрос id:2131607
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The bank has expanded its lending activities and, with its numerous research and policy divisions, has developed into a powerful and authoritative intergovernmental body.
Вопрос id:2131608
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The IBRD provides loans at market rates of interest to middle-income developing countries and credit worthy lower-income countries.
Вопрос id:2131609
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The IDA, founded in 1960, provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance, and policy advice to low-income developing countries in areas such as health, education, and rural development.
Вопрос id:2131610
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The IFC, operating in partnership with private investors, provides loans and loan guarantees and equity financing to business undertakings in developing countries.
Вопрос id:2131611
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The other countries are grouped into regions, each of which elects one executive director.
Вопрос id:2131612
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Вопрос id:2131613
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank is related to the UN, though it is not accountable either to the General Assembly or to the Security Council.
Вопрос id:2131614
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank is staffed by more than 10,000 people, roughly one-fourth of whom are posted in developing countries.
Вопрос id:2131615
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Throughout the World Bank's history, the bank president, who serves as chairman of the Executive Board, has been an American citizen.
Вопрос id:2131616
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Together with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization, it plays a central role in overseeing economic policy and reforming public institutions in developing countries and defining the global macroeconomic agenda.
Вопрос id:2131617
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Voting power is based on a country's capital subscription, which is based in turn on its economic resources.
Вопрос id:2131618
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Whereas the IBRD raises most of its funds on the world's capital markets, the IDA's lending operations are financed through contributions from developed countries.
Вопрос id:2131619
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: World Bank in full is called World Bank Group, it is an international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states.
Вопрос id:2131620
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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World Bank in full
is called World Bank Group, it is an international organization affiliated with the United Nations (UN) and designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states.
It also provides technical assistance and
the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries.
Headquartered in Washington, D.C.,
policy advice and supervises–on behalf of international creditors–the implementation of free-market reforms.
Вопрос id:2131621
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Together with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization,
which was convened to establish a new, post-World War II international economic system, the World Bank officially began operations in June 1946.
Its first loans were geared toward
the postwar reconstruction of western Europe.
Founded in 1944 at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference (commonly known as the Bretton Woods Conference),
it plays a central role in overseeing economic policy and reforming public institutions in developing countries and defining the global macroeconomic agenda.
Вопрос id:2131622
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The World Bank Group comprises five constituent institutions: the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD),
infrastructural projects in developing countries, including roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage facilities, maritime ports, and airports.
Beginning in the mid-1950s, it played a major role in financing investments in
to middle-income developing countries and credit worthy lower-income countries.
The IBRD provides loans at market rates of interest
the International Development Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), and the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID).
Вопрос id:2131623
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The IFC, operating in partnership with private investors, provides loans and
and policy advice to low-income developing countries in areas such as health, education, and rural development.
Whereas the IBRD raises most of its funds on the world's capital markets,
the IDA's lending operations are financed through contributions from developed countries.
The IDA, founded in 1960, provides interest-free long-term loans, technical assistance,
loan guarantees and equity financing to business undertakings in developing countries.
Вопрос id:2131624
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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From 1968 to 1981 the president of the World Bank was
former U.S. secretary of defense Robert S. McNamara.
Finally, the ICSID, which operates independently
noncommercial risks in developing countries are provided by the MIGA.
Loan guarantees and insurance to foreign investors against loss caused by
of the IBRD, is responsible for the settlement by conciliation or arbitration of investment disputes between foreign investors and their host developing countries.
Вопрос id:2131625
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Under his leadership the bank formulated the concept of “sustainable development,”
which attempted to reconcile economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries.
Another feature of the concept was its use of capital flows (in the form of development assistance and foreign investment) to
developing countries as a means of narrowing the income gap between rich and poor countries.
The bank has expanded its lending activities and, with its numerous research and policy divisions,
has developed into a powerful and authoritative intergovernmental body.
Вопрос id:2131626
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Five major countries–the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France–
appoint their own executive directors.
The World Bank is related to the UN,
though it is not accountable either to the General Assembly or to the Security Council.
The other countries are grouped into regions,
each of which elects one executive director.
Вопрос id:2131627
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Each of the bank's more than 180 member states are represented
countries' finance ministers or central bank governors.
The governors are usually their
on the board of governors, which meets once a year.
Although the board of governors has some influence on IBRD policies,
actual decision-making power is wielded largely by the bank's 24 executive directors.
Вопрос id:2131628
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Throughout the World Bank's history, the bank president,
which is based in turn on its economic resources.
Voting power is based on a country's capital subscription,
who serves as chairman of the Executive Board, has been an American citizen.
The wealthier and more developed countries constitute
the bank's major shareholders and thus exercise greater power and influence.
Вопрос id:2131629
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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For example, at the beginning
of the 21st century the United States exercised more than one-sixth of the votes, more than double that of Japan, the second largest contributor.
The bank obtains its funds from
in the late 1990s approximately 2 percent of the votes were held by 25 African countries combined–the system does not provide a significant voice for these countries, which are the primary recipients of World Bank loans and policy advice.
Because developing countries hold only a small number of votes–e.g.,
the capital subscriptions of member countries, bond flotations on the world's capital markets, and net earnings accrued from interest payments on IBRD and IFC loans.
Вопрос id:2131630
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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It also provides technical assistance and policy advice and supervises–on behalf of international creditors–the implementation of free-market reforms.
Wasn’t it?

World Bank in full is called World Bank Group,

Is’t it?
It was designed to finance projects that enhance the economic development of member states,
Doesn’t it?
Вопрос id:2131631
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The governors, who are usually their
the organization's approximately 180 memberstates.
The IMF is headed by a board of governors, each of whom represents one of
which consists of 24 executive directors who meet at least three times a week.
The fund's day-to-day operations are administered by an executive board,
countries' finance ministers or central bank directors, attend annual meetings on IMF issues.
Вопрос id:2131632
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Because it makes most decisions by consensus, the executive
and the other 16 represent the fund's remaining members, grouped by world regions.
Eight directors represent individual countries (China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, and the United States),
by the board for a renewable five-year term and supervises the fund's staff of nearly 3,000 employees from more than 120 countries.
The board is chaired by a managing director, who is appointed
board rarely conducts formal voting.
Вопрос id:2131633
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The quotas form a pool of loanable funds and determine how
of any IMF member, accounting for approximately 18 percent of total quotas.
The managing director is usually a European, and not, by tradition,
much money each member can borrow and how much voting power it will have.
For example, the United States' approximately $50 billion contribution to date is the most
an American.
Вопрос id:2131634
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Accordingly, the United States receives
a modified gold standard system of pegged, or stable, currency exchange rates.
Under the original Articles of Agreement, the IMF supervised
controls nearly 50 percent of the fund's total votes.
The Group of Seven industrialized nations (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States)
about 18 percent of the total votes on both the board of governors and the executive board.
Вопрос id:2131635
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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A country's exchange rate could vary

U.S. dollar,

and in turn the U.S.

Treasury tied the dollar to gold by agreeing to buy and sell
gold to other governments at $35 per ounce.
Each member declared a value for its currency relative to the
only 1 percent above or below its declared value.
Вопрос id:2131636
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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In August 1971 U.S. President Richard Nixon ended this system of pegged exchange

a country's currency is determined by the supply and demand of that currency on the international currency markets; a managed float, in which a country's monetary officials will occasionally intervene in international currency markets to buy or sell its currency to influence short-term exchange rates;

a pegged exchange arrangement, in which a country's monetary officials pledge to tie their currency's exchange rate to another currency or group of currencies; or a fixed exchange arrangement, in which a country's currency exchange rate is tied to another currency and is unchanging.

Seeking to eliminate competitive devaluations, the IMF permitted exchange rate movements
greater than 1 percent only for countries in “fundamental balance-of-payments disequilibrium” and only after consultation with, and approval by, the fund.
Since then each member has been permitted to choose the method it uses to determine its exchange rate: a free float, in which the exchange rate for
rates by refusing to sell gold to other governments at the stipulated price.
Вопрос id:2131637
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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When the IMF
its focus to loaning money to developing countries.
The system resembled the gold standard in that each country
was established toward the end of World War II, it was based on a modified form of the gold standard.
After losing its authority to regulate currency exchange rates, the IMF shifted
established a legal gold valuation for its currency.
Вопрос id:2131638
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The gold valuations served to
the International Monetary Fund.
As stated above,
determine parities of exchange between the different currencies.
This valuation was registered with
such fixed currencies are said to be pegged to one another.
Вопрос id:2131639
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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But there was a difference in
for the actual exchange quotation to deviate somewhat on either side of the official parity.
There was agreement with the International Monetary Fund about the range,
the technical mode of operation.
It was also possible, as under the old gold standard,
on either side of parity, within which a currency was allowed to fluctuate.
Вопрос id:2131640
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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This they did by intervening
in the foreign exchange market.
Instead the authorities were placed under an obligation to ensure that the actual exchange rates quoted within
their own territories did not go outside the limits agreed upon with the International Monetary Fund.
The service of the arbitrageurs in
remitting physical gold from country to country as needed was dispensed with.
Вопрос id:2131641
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Thus, the obligation of the monetary authorities to supply the currency of any Fund member at a rate of
of the members of the International Monetary Fund.
If, for instance, the dollar was in short supply in London,
exchange that was not above the agreed-upon limit took the place of the obligation under the old gold standard to give actual gold in exchange for currency.
The same was true with the other currencies
the British authorities were bound to supply dollars to the market to whatever extent was needed to keep the sterling price of the dollar from rising above the agreed-upon limit.
Вопрос id:2131642
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Most authorities confined themselves to watching the rate of their own currency against the dollar
came into service again.
It would be inconvenient for the monetary authorities
of a country to be continually watching the exchange rates in its market of all the different currencies.
At this point the arbitrageurs
and supplying from time to time whatever quantity of dollars might be required.
Вопрос id:2131643
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The official fixing of exchange rates as limits on either side of parity, outside of
such a way that the exchange rates between the various currencies in the various foreign exchange markets could be kept mutually consistent.
This use of the dollar by many monetary authorities
which exchange-rate quotations were not allowed to fluctuate, bears a family resemblance to the gold points of the old gold standard system.
They could be relied upon to operate in
caused it to be called a currency of “intervention.”
Вопрос id:2131644
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Since there was no corresponding cost in the new system, why did the authorities decide not to have
different system, it was considered desirable to keep this range of fluctuation.
In the old system it arose necessarily
out of the cost of remitting gold.
The question naturally arose why, in devising a somewhat
a fixed parity of exchange from which no deviation would be allowed?
Вопрос id:2131645
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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Supply and demand between each pair of currencies
range within which fluctuation was allowed.
The answer was that there was convenience in having a
would not be precisely equal every day.
There would always be fluctuations, and
if there were one rigidly fixed rate of exchange the authorities would have to supply from their reserves various currencies to meet them.
Вопрос id:2131646
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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That is, short-term capital flows are likely to reduce the
likely to be equilibrating if people are confident that parities will be maintained.
In addition to being inconvenient, this would require each
size of overall balance-of-payments deficits or surpluses.
Under a system of pegged exchange rates, short-term capital movements are
country to maintain much larger reserves than would otherwise be necessary.
Вопрос id:2131647
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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On the other hand, if people expect a parity to be changed,
short-term capital flows are likely to be disequilibrating, adding to underlying balance-of-payments deficits or surpluses.
As early as 1961 there were signs of a
and the United Kingdom plunged into one in 1960.
The United States had been running a heavy deficit since 1958,
crisis in the IMF system.
Вопрос id:2131648
Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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The plan was not confined to the countries that happened to be in credit at that time but was
need to draw upon continental European currencies in excess of the amounts available.
It looked as if these two countries might
a group of countries to provide standby credits, so that supplementary supplies of their currencies would be available.
Per Jacobssen, then managing director of the IMF, persuaded
extended to other important countries, the currencies of which might run short at some future time.
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Тема/шкала: 0833.06.01;Т-Т.01;1 - Тест-тренинг - ПКОЯз.Англ. Практический курс перевода (курс 1)
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This plan was known
Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, and Japan.
They became known as the “Group
of Ten.”
The countries were 10 in number: the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, West Germany,
as the “General Arrangements to Borrow.”
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Since then the Group
of Ten has worked together in deliberating on international monetary problems.
The arrangement was subject to the
as against the International Monetary Fund itself.
This put them in a power position
agreement that countries actually supplying additional currency would have the right to take cognizance of how the Fund used it.
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The dominant position gained by the Group of Ten has been
of the countries concerned, who meet from time to time.
The ultimate authority of the Group resides in the finance ministers
due not only to their provision of standby credit but also to the manner in which they do their business.
Their deputies meet more
frequently for detailed work on particular problems.
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In this respect they are in a much more advantageous

or capital for any kind of expenditure.
Finance is the process of raising funds
position than the executive directors of the International Monetary Fund, who live in Washington, D.C., and have less contact with their home government; they also tend to be persons of higher standing and authority.
These deputies consist of high-ranking persons in their respective treasuries and central banks; they are resident in their own
countries and have day-to-day knowledge of their problems and of what is politically feasible.
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