Список вопросов базы знаний

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Because it makes most decisions by consensus, the executive board rarely conducts formal voting.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Development bank is a national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium- and long-term capital for productive investment, often accompanied by technical assistance, in less-developed areas.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Development banks fill a gap left by undeveloped capital markets and the reluctance of commercial banks to offer long-term financing. Development banks may be publicly or privately owned and operated, although frequently governments make substantial contributions to the capital of private banks.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: For example, the United States' approximately $50 billion contribution to date is the most of any IMF member, accounting for approximately 18 percent of total quotas.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In Hungary, for example, some 17,000 businesses were liquidated and 5,000 reorganized in 1992–93, leading to a substantial increase in unemployment.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In several countries the macroeconomic reforms resulted in increased inflation and a marked decline in the standard of living.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: In the wake of the debt crisis, the World Bank focused its efforts on providing financial assistance in the form of balance-of-payments support and loans for infrastructural projects such as roads, port facilities, schools, and hospitals.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Indeed, for dozens of the most heavily indebted poor countries, the largest part of their external debt–in some cases constituting more than 50 percent–is owed to the World Bank and the multilateral regional development banks.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: Multilateral discussions led to the UN Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, U.S., in July 1944. Delegates representing 44 countries drafted the Articles of Agreement for a proposed International Monetary Fund that would supervise the new international monetary system.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: One of the main activities of development banks has been the recognition and promotion of private investment opportunities. Although the efforts of the majority of development banks are directed toward the industrial sector, some are also concerned with agriculture.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The board is chaired by a managing director, who is appointed by the board for a renewable five-year term and supervises the fund's staff of nearly 3,000 employees from more than 120 countries.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The debt crisis of the early 1980s–during which many developing countries were unable to service their external debt to multilateral lending institutions, because of a slowdown in the world economy, high interest rates, a decline in commodity prices, and wide fluctuations in oil prices, among other factors–played a crucial role in the evolution of World Bank operations.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The fund's board of governors convened the following year in Savannah, Georgia, U.S., to adopt by laws and to elect the IMF's first executive directors.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The larger state enterprises often were sold to foreign investors or divided into smaller, privately owned companies.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The quotas form a pool of loanable funds and determine how much money each member can borrow and how much voting power it will have.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The reforms, which included the creation of bankruptcy and privatization programs, were controversial because they frequently led to the closure of state-run industrial enterprises.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank and the IMF played central roles in overseeing free-market reforms in eastern and central Europe after the fall of communism there in the 1980s and '90s.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The bank had become increasingly involved in shaping economic and social policies in indebted developing countries.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The bank has consultative as well as informal ties with the world's financial markets and institutions and maintains links with nongovernmental organizations in both developed and developing countries.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The bank has offices in about 70 countries, and in many countries staff members serve directly as policy advisers to the ministry of finance and other ministries.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The first half of the 20th century was marked by two world wars that caused enormous physical and economic destruction in Europe and a Great Depression that wrought economic devastation in both Europe and the United States.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The form and cost of financing offered by development banks depend on their cost of obtaining capital and their need to show a profit and pay dividends.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The framers of the new Bretton Woods monetary regime hoped to promote world trade, investment, and economic growth by maintaining convertible currencies at stable exchange rates.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The fund's day-to-day operations are administered by an executive board, which consists of 24 executive directors who meet at least three times a week.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The governors decided to locate the organization's permanent headquarters in Washington, D.C., where its 12 original executive directors first met in May 1946.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The governors, who are usually their countries' finance ministers or central bank directors, attend annual meetings on IMF issues.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The IMF is headed by a board of governors, each of whom represents one of the organization's approximately 180 memberstates.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The IMF's financial operations began the following year.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The large regional development banks include the Inter-American Development Bank, established in 1959; the Asian Development Bank, which began operations in 1966; and the African Development Bank, established in 1964.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The number of development banks has increased rapidly since the 1950s; they have been encouraged by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and its affiliates.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank also provided reconstruction loans to countries that suffered internal conflicts or other crises (e.g., the successor republics of former Yugoslavia in the late 1990s).

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The World Bank is the world's largest multilateral creditor institution, and as such many of the world's poorest countries owe it large sums of money.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: They may make loans for specific national or regional projects to private or public bodies or may operate in conjunction with other financial institutions.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: “Exit mechanisms” to allow for the liquidation of so-called “problem enterprises” were put into place, and labour laws were modified to enable enterprises to lay off unneeded workers.

Укажите функцию в предложении подчеркнутого слова: The managing director is usually a European, and not, by tradition, an American.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Five major countries–the United States, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and France–appoint their own executive directors.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: The governors are usually their countries' finance ministers or central bank governors.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Under his leadership the bank formulated the concept of “sustainable development,” which attempted to reconcile economic growth and environmental protection in developing countries.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Although the board of governors has some influence on IBRD policies, actual decision-making power is wielded largely by the bank's 24 executive directors.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Another feature of the concept was its use of capital flows (in the form of development assistance and foreign investment) to developing countries as a means of narrowing the income gap between rich and poor countries.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Approximately one-tenth of the subscribed capital is paid directly to the bank, with the remainder subject to call if required to meet obligations.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Because developing countries hold only a small number of votes–e.g., in the late 1990s approximately 2 percent of the votes were held by 25 African countries combined–the system does not provide a significant voice for these countries, which are the primary recipients of World Bank loans and policy advice.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Beginning in the mid-1950s, it played a major role in financing investments in infrastructural projects in developing countries, including roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage facilities, maritime ports, and airports.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Each of the bank's more than 180 member states are represented on the board of governors, which meets once a year.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Finally, the ICSID, which operates independently of the IBRD, is responsible for the settlement by conciliation or arbitration of investment disputes between foreign investors and their host developing countries.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: For example, at the beginning of the 21st century the United States exercised more than one-sixth of the votes, more than double that of Japan, the second largest contributor.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Founded in 1944 at the UN Monetary and Financial Conference (commonly known as the Bretton Woods Conference), which was convened to establish a new, post-World War II international economic system, the World Bank officially began operations in June 1946.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: From 1968 to 1981 the president of the World Bank was former U.S. secretary of defense Robert S. McNamara.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the bank is the largest source of financial assistance to developing countries.

Укажите частеречную принадлежность подчеркнутого слова: It also provides technical assistance and policy advice and supervises–on behalf of international creditors–the implementation of free-market reforms.