Список вопросов базы знаний

?) whether grammarians or philosophers discovered grammar, whether grammar was the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) enough to strongly stimulate the cones, rods play virtually no role in vision at all.

?) who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American “structuralism.”

?) 10 million different colors.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) composition of wavelengths, is reduced to three color components by the eye.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) understimulated leaving only the signal from the rods, resulting in a colorless response.

?) M cones, or green cones is most sensitive to light perceived as green, with wavelengths around 534 nm.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) around 420 nm; cones of this type are sometimes called short-wavelength cones, S cones, or blue cones.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) genetically and chemically.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) the rod, has a different response curve.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) wavelength for each type of cone is illustrated above.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) determines the human color space.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American “structuralism.”

?) sometimes called tristimulus values.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) whether grammarians or philosophers discovered grammar, whether grammar was the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) historical development of the language and thestructural changes that have taken place in it.

?) no significant or interesting results could be expected from the study of meaning for some considerable time, and it was preferable, as far as possible, to avoid basing the grammatical analysis of a language on semantic considerations.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system. that developments in grammar during the Middle Ages constitute one of the most misunderstood areas of the field of linguistics.

?) orange in order to achieve the same sensation of warmth.

?) in the 2nd century BC, produced the first systematic grammar of Western tradition; it dealt only with word morphology.

?) the medieval period would greatly enrich the discussion of current questions.

?) the psychological mechanisms that underlie the production and reception of speech, to the literary and the aesthetic or communicative function of language, and so on.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) for black and white.

?) that the anomalists among the Stoics credited the irrational quality of language precisely to the claim that language did not exactly mirror nature.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) physical and emotional reactions in humans and in some animals.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) of grammar have tended to see as high points in their field the achievements of the Greeks, the Renaissance growth and “rediscovery” of learning (which led directly to modern school traditions), the contemporary flowering of theoretical study (men usually find their own age important and fascinating), and, in recent decades, the astonishing monument of Pāṇini.

?) of theories on the uses of colour.

?) who flourished between the mid-13th and mid-14th century, was their insistence on a grammar to explicate the distinctions found by their forerunners in the languages known to them.

?) did not innovate in discriminating categories and parts of speech; they accepted those that had come down from the Greeks through Donatus and Priscian.

?) and brown is the seventh.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) were less Saussurean in their approach,but, in a general sense of the term, their approach may also be described appropriately as structural linguistics.

?) in this narrower sense of the term, is represented, with differences of emphasis or detail, in the major American textbooks published during the 1950s.

?) a theoretical aspect to every part of macrolinguistics, no less than to microlinguistics.

?) whether grammarians or philosophers discovered grammar, whether grammar was the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) whether grammarians or philosophers discovered grammar, whether grammar was the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) which dates back at least two and one-half millennia and which culminates with the grammar of Pāṇini, ofthe 5th century BC.

?) of grammatical problems was bound up closely with the study of logic.

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) roles in art, religion, politics, and ceremonials, as well as in everyday life.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) sequence, the colours gray, orange, pink, and purple are designated.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) distinguish colours usually show a preference for red or orange.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) red; next comes yellow or green, and then both yellow and green.

?) factors that affect colour perception include the observer's age, mood, and mental health.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) were less Saussurean in their approach,but, in a general sense of the term, their approach may also be described appropriately as structural linguistics.

?) whether grammarians or philosophers discovered grammar, whether grammar was the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) embraces all of these aspects of language.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) physical and mental disabilities.

?) by analyzing them in terms of categories derived from the analysis of the more familiar Indo-European languages.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) it was natural to account for words and forms as ordained by nature (by onomatopoeia–i.e., by imitation of natural sounds) or as arrived at arbitrarily by a social convention.

?) was occupied with the distinction between that which exists “by nature” and that which exists “by convention.”

?) called grammar “the acquaintance with [or observation of] what is uttered by poets and writers,” using a word meaning a less general form of knowledge than what might be called “science.”

?) and even physical and emotional sensations.

?) the most obviously interesting theorizing to be found in this period is contained in the “speculative grammar” of the modistae , who were so called because the titles of their works were often phrased De modis significandi tractatus (“Treatise Concerning the Modes of Signifying”).

?) comments about its features and uses can be made.

?) might reasonably be expected to have bequeathed to modern scholarship the fruits of more than ordinarily refined perceptions of a certain order.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) because of the specific psychological meaning that is associated with the shape.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) culturally conditioned, and they vary considerably with both place and historical period.

?) insofar as is known, has gone on in only a small number of societies.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) in this narrower sense of the term, is represented, with differences of emphasis or detail, in the major American textbooks published during the 1950s.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) the scientific study of language.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American “structuralism.”

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) in this narrower sense of the term, is represented, with differences of emphasis or detail, in the major American textbooks published during the 1950s.

?) with applied linguistics.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European word for “ten,” *dekm, it was possible to derive Sanskrit daśa, Greek déka, Latin decem, and Gothic taihun by postulating a number of different sound laws that operated independently in the different branches of the Indo-European family.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) be translated literally into other languages because the colour may lose its associated symbolic meaning.

?) about the individual's physiological and psychological condition.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) by analyzing them in terms of categories derived from the analysis of the more familiar Indo-European languages.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) by analyzing them in terms of categories derived from the analysis of the more familiar Indo-European languages.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) the red-purple range as “bad,” while in the United States the red-yellow-green range is considered “good” and oranges and red-purples “bad.”

?) regarding the origin of language and meanings paved the way for the development of divergences between the views of the “analogists,” who looked on language as possessing an essential regularity as a result of the symmetries that convention can provide, and the views of the “anomalists,” who pointed to language's lack of regularity as one facet of the inescapable irregularities of nature.

?) more complex, however, than this statement would suggest.

?) yellow, and brown hues are “warm,” while the blues, greens, and grays are “cold.”

?) syntax was to wait for Apollonius Dyscolus, of the 2nd century AD.

?) parted company with its older fellow disciplines within philosophy as they moved over to the domain known as natural science, and technical academic grammatical study has increasingly become involved with issues represented by empiricism versus rationalism and their successor manifestations on the academic scene.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) traits often share colour perceptions and preferences.

?) were actually written, it is only in particular cases and for specific details (e.g., a mild alteration in the number of parts of speech or cases of nouns) that real departures from Roman grammar can be noted. Likewise, until the end of the 19th century, grammars of the exotic languages, written largely by missionaries and traders, were cast almost entirely in the Roman model, to which the Renaissance had added a limited medieval syntactic ingredient.

?) by modern standards, a restrictive set of categories, the acumen and sweep they brought to their task resulted in numerous subtle and fresh syntactic observations.

?) remarkably like current issues of linguistics, which serves to illustrate how slow and repetitious progress in the field is.

?) headaches and nervous disorders; tasty wholesome food served under such conditions appears repulsive and may even induce illness.

?) difficult to relate this period coherently to other periods and to modern concerns because surprisingly little is accessible and certain, let alone analyzed with sophistication.

?) who were analogists working largely on literary criticism and text philology, completed the development of the classical Greek grammatical tradition.

?) tradition in the hands of the Stoics brought grammar the benefit of their work in logic and rhetoric.

?) that are in intense dark or “warm” colours; black or very dark colours have a slimming, or shrinking, effect, as is well known to designers and decorators.

?) distinction that, in modern theory, is made with the terms signifiant (“what signifies”) and signifié (“what is signified”) or, somewhat differently and more elaborately, with “expression” and “content”; and it laid the groundwork of modern theories of inflection, though by no means with the exhaustiveness and fine-grained analysis reached by the Sanskrit grammarians.

?) induce a feeling of pleasure in the observer.

?) the same for all languages, what the fundamental topic of grammar was, and what the basic and irreducible grammatical primes are.

?) 1970s the majority of the known grammatical treatises had not yet been made available in full to modern scholarship, so that not even their true extent could be classified with confidence.

?) was reached by imposition of words on things; i.e., the sign was arbitrary.

?) of the medieval treatises continue the tradition of grammars of late antiquity; so thereare versions based on Donatus and Priscian, often with less incorporation of the classical poets and writers.

?) and studied Latin, a language that, though not their native tongue, was one in which they were very much at home; such scholars in groups must often have represented a highly varied linguistic background.

?) Eskimos use 17 words for white as applied to different snow conditions.

?) genre of writing involves simultaneous consideration of grammatical distinctions and scholastic logic; modern linguists are probably inadequately trained to deal with these writings.

?) in a way that microlinguistics does not.

?) were less Saussurean in their approach,but, in a general sense of the term, their approach may also be described appropriately as structural linguistics.

?) for many of the exotic languages scholarship barely passed beyond the most rudimentary initial collection of word lists; grammatical analysis was scarcely approached.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) development of the Western grammatical tradition, work of this genre was the second great milestone after the crystallization of Greek thought with the Stoics and Alexandrians.

?) in the West, yet other cultures use white, purple, or gold for this purpose.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American “structuralism.”

?) matters of attitude, emphasis, and purpose.

?) but also on the harmony of the colours combined and the composition of the pattern.

?) choice in selecting logic, metaphysics, and epistemology (as they knew them) as the fields to be included with grammar as a basis for the grand account of universal knowledge is less important than the breadth of their conception of the place of grammar.

?) has almost completely neglected the achievements of this period.

?) had not been viewed as a separate discipline but had been considered in conjunction with other studies or skills (such as criticism, preservation of valued texts, foreign-language learning).

?) who prepared the way for the later phase of what is now thought of as the most distinctive manifestation of American “structuralism.”

?) no significant or interesting results could be expected from the study of meaning for some considerable time, and it was preferable, as far as possible, to avoid basing the grammatical analysis of a language on semantic considerations.

?) tended to emphasize, if not to exaggerate, the structural uniqueness of individual languages.

?) theoretical versus applied, microlinguistics versus macrolinguistics.

?) were less Saussurean in their approach,but, in a general sense of the term, their approach may also be described appropriately as structural linguistics.

?) in the 19th century was the development of the comparative method, which comprised a set of principles whereby languages could be systematically compared with respect to their sound systems, grammatical structure, and vocabulary and shown to be “genealogically” related.

?) now considered as Saussurean can be seen, though less clearly, in the earlier work of Humboldt, and the general structural principles that Saussure was to develop with respect to synchronic linguistics in the Cours had been applied almost 40 years before (1879) by Saussure himself in a reconstruction of the Indo-European vowel system.

?) latter to a much broader view of the scope of linguistics.