Список вопросов базы знаний

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

глагол

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

существительное

Farmers (in Ethiopia) are to be given greater freedom to sell any additional surplus to the highest bidder, and the Government plans to establish a system of licensed free-market traders in order to move crops from the areas of surplus to drought-affected regions more easily.

прилагательное

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

прилагательное

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

глагол

I walked towards Pevensey (Pevensey Bay being the spot where William landed his army in 1066) and decided that anyone who came ashore at Gooden Beach would find himself face to face with the quintessential England – not just coastal, seaside holiday, retirement England, but secretive, rose-growing, dog-loving, window-washing, church-going, law-abiding, grumpy, library-using, tea-drinking, fussy and inflexible England.

существительное

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

наречие

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

глагол

It has long been noticed that people differ very much in their capacity to handle words and this is not necessarily related to their intelligence.

причастие

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

прилагательное

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

существительное

The Venice-Simplon Orient-Express is one of the world’s great railways – not only does it get there, but it does it in style.

глагол

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

прилагательное

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

глагол

Despite his gratitude for his friendly reception there, Freud did not go away with a very favourable impression of America.

предлог

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

прилагательное

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

глагол

Such prejudices were very apt to last with him, and this one never entirely disappeared; it was years before close contact with Americans visiting Vienna even softened it.

существительное

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

причастие

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

глагол

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could go no further.

существительное

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

глагол

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

существительное

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands, but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

местоимение

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

артикль

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

существительное

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

глагол

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

глагол

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

существительное

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

наречие

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

причастие

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

прилагательное

A GENE which may explain why some abused boys grow up into violent criminals while others stay on the right side of the law has been found by scientists.

глагол

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

герундий

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

глагол

Poor readers in particular may lack the ability to vary their manner of reading according to the type of reading matter and their intentions in reading it.

прилагательное

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

наречие

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

глагол

He may be able to skim a page, picking up a word or two here and there, and gain a general idea of what the text is about without really reading it.

числительное

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

наречие

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

глагол

If placed in the water, human babies make reflex swimming movements which actually propel them forward.

причастие

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

существительное

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

предлог

Toxic fumes create a film over the eyes, so that a passenger cannot see to escape from a burning plane.

глагол

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

предлог

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

наречие

Nowadays there is an activity in several cities including New York known as ‘rubbling’.

артикль

Racked and pounded by the desert, it could not tackle another

go no further.

By the time we had driven back to Alice Springs, our car could

thousand miles back to Darwin.

Our journey was at an end, our return

to London overdue.

We left it in a

fly back.

We ourselves had to

a thin line scratched on its surface.

Below us lay the Northern Territory, the Stuart Highway

garage to be sent back to Darwin on a land-train.

Men had given their lives trying to

to dominate it and had failed.

Planters and pastoralists had tried

explore this country.

Prospectors had died trying to rifle

it of its minerals.

But only the aborigines living in their

attempt to dominate it.

Unlike the white man, they make no

to hide themselves in its loneliness.

Jack Mulholland and the other men at Borroloola had come

traditional manner can survive in it unaided.

They do not try to tame its animals or to cultivate its sands,

aborigines worship it.

In return, the

but to them it yields enough to keep a man’s soul in his body.

Its rocks and its water-holes are the creations of their gods and

their walkabouts through it become pilgrimages.

It would be a good idea if we could

as they do, accepting equally its beauty and brutality.

Perhaps no one else can ever understand it

modify the toxins so that they kill only cancer cells.

The administration of active toxins to an animal or person will

probably produce adverse side effects because the poison kills normal cells as well.

Antibodies combine specifically with

called antibodies, which react specifically with tumour cells to produce ‘immunotoxins’.

One way is to attach these toxins to substances

response to a foreign substance, or antigen.

Antibodies are protein molecules produced by animals, in

the substance that induced their formation.

In this case, specific active molecules on the surface of the cancer cells ___ the formation of antibodies.

seek out

Nearly two thirds of German workers ___ to take a pay cut in return for guarantees that their jobs are safe.

are willing

Therefore, in theory, the immunotoxin will selectively ___ and kill the tumour cell.

trigger

With 3.95 million people out of work and the economic outlook ___, workers feel more insecure than ever, and would sacrifice income in return for security, according to a poll conducted by the Forsa research group.

bleak

Of those questioned, 62 per cent said that they would exchange ___ a guaranteed job: 18 per cent said that they would give up 5 per cent of their gross pay, 30 per cent would give up to 10 per cent and 4 per cent would give up 20 per cent.

some of

The findings are extraordinary given that German workers are protected by ___ the Continent’s stiffest employment laws.

wages for

The news is particularly grim for the ___, Gerhard Schrцder, less than two months before a general election being fought principally on the country’s economic prospects.

companies

They are represented on the boards of ___ big and small and are, virtually, fireproof.

pledge

Voters are acutely aware of his failure to honour a ___ to cut unemployment substantially when he came to power in 1998.

Chancellor

Translation implies that we have the capacity to enter into the mind, the world, and the ___ or writers and that we can express their thought in a manner that is not only parallel to the original, but also acceptable to the target language.

every word

The fact that we are able to produce an equivalent in English for ___ in a foreign language text does not mean that we can give an adequate translation of the text.

culture of the speakers

Nearly all___ is translatable.

language

Even abstruse poetry can often be made as intelligible in ___ as it is in the original; while cultural references, proverbs, idioms, and jokes can at be replaced least ___ by equivalents which carry a message that is conceptually identical in both languages.

opportunity

The main ___ will accommodate 1300 delegates, but sliding dividing walls will enable the area to be divided into three, with seating for 300, 600, and 400 people.

auditorium

This development will provide an ___ to build a new entrance at the rear of the Caledonian Hotel.

another language

In the first part of this article, we shall be ___ briefly with the four general proposals.

dealing

Four architectural firms of international standing (from England, Italy, France, and Finland) were invited by the Government of Kuwait to submit proposals for the ___ of a city which had largely disappeared with the oil boom.

detailed

The general proposals, which covered the city as a whole, were followed by ___ proposals in the farm of demonstration buildings.

reconstruction

The main task of the four groups of architects was to try ___ which might guide the development of the future city.

to establish principles

These principles were ___ architectural.

be built

They were concerned with the kind of city that might ___ for this changing culture and this particular climate.

in essence

Each scheme had special characteristics and made differing assumptions about the ___ of development within the city, but the four also showed some common points of agreement.

recreational area

All four architects stressed the value of the waterfront as a ___ for the city and thought that a traffic road at this point should be avoided.

comparison

The architects were entirely free to develop their own individual ideas but for the purpose of ___ all proposals were drawn to the same scale and statistics were presented on a comparable basis.

intensity

Descartes’ (1596-1650) attempts to formulate a method of inductive reasoning

seeing in imitation a means of instruction.

By the mid-seventeenth century the effects of the Counter-Reformation, the conflict between absolute monarchy and the developing Parliamentary system, and the widening of

the gap between traditional Christian Humanism and science had all led to radical changes in the theory of literature and hence to the role of translation.

In their attempt to find models, writers turned to ancient masters,

were mirrored in the preoccupation of literary critics to formulate rules of aesthetic production.

French writers and theorists were in

mean, however, that art was perceived as a merely imitative skill.

Translation of the classics increased considerably in France between 1625 and 1660, the great age of

French classicism and of the flowering of French theatre based on the Aristotelian unities.

The emphasis on rules and models in Augustan England did not

turn enthusiastically translated into English.

Art was the ordering in a harmonious and elegant manner

of Nature, the inborn ability that transcended definition and yet prescribed the finished form.

He sees it as the translator’s duty to his source text to extract what he perceives as the essential core of

and looseness: the whole question of the moral duty of the translator to his contemporary reader.

Underlying Dryden’s and Pope’s concept of translation is another element, beyond the problem of the debate between overfaithfulness

the work and to reproduce or recreate the work in the target language.

The eighteenth-century concept of the translator as painter or imitator with a moral duty both to his original subject and to his receiver was widespread,

compare the following passage to Chapman’s version of an episode from Book 22 of The Iliad.

To exemplify the particular approach Pope brought to his version of Homer,

but underwent a series of significant changes as the search to codify and describe the processes of literary creation altered.

Goethe (1749-1832) argued that every literature must pass through three phases of translation, although as the

phases are recurrent all may be found taking place within the same language system at the same time.

The second mode is that of appropriation through substitution and reproduction, where the translator absorbs the sense of a foreign work but reproduces it in his own terms, and here Goethe cites

‘manner’ which fuses the uniqueness of the original with a new form and structure. Goethe cites the work of Voss, who translated Homer, as an example of a translator who had achieved this prized third level.

The first epoch ‘acquaints us with foreign countries

on our own terms’, and Goethe cites Luther’s German Bible as an example of this tendency.

The third mode, which he considers the highest, is one which aims for perfect identity between the SL text and the TL text, and the achieving of this mode must be through the creation of a new

Wieland and the French tradition of translating (a tradition much disparaged by German theorists).

Goethe is arguing for both a new concept of ‘originality’ in translation,

led to exaggeratedly loose translations, although he agrees that part of the translator’s duty is to clarify obscurities in the original, even where this entails omission or addition.

Tytler reacts against Dryden’s influence, maintaining that the concept of ‘paraphrase’ had

that it is moving dangerously close to a theory of untranslatability.

The problem with such an approach is

together with a vision of universal deep structures that the translator should strive to meet.

Translation theory from Dryden to Tytler, then, is concerned with the problem of recreating an essential spirit,

author, which must speak through his own organs’.

The translator must strive to ‘adopt the very soul of his

soul or nature of the work of art.

He uses the standard eighteenth-century comparison of the translator/painter,

but with a difference, arguing that the translator cannot use the same colours as the original, but is nevertheless required to give his picture ‘the same force and effect’.

Antibodies combine specifically with

in response to a foreign substance, or antigen.

Antibodies are protein molecules produced by animals,

the substance that induced their formation.

In this case, specific active molecules on the surface of the

cancer cells trigger the formation of antibodies.

Decline of house sparrows in cities is epitomized by

when he was 96, found that there were eight left.

Surveys first carried out 77 years ago by the environmentalist Max Nicholson found

2,603 of the birds inside the park in 1925, 885 in 1948 and in 1995.

The same census, carried out by the same man two years ago

their disappearance from Kensington gardens in London.

There were tits, thrushes, ___ and an abundance of pigeons.

single sparrow

There were also plenty of squirrels and tourists –

blackbirds

Yesterday, in an unscientific census, not a ___ could be spotted among the park’s bushes, flowers and hedgerows.

but not a single chirping sparrow.