Список вопросов базы знаний

?) the care of the sick and the destitute

?) by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds, which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities

?) the earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times

?) the dissolution of the monasteries

?) the decay of the feudal system and

?) this practice fell into disuse with

?) some substitute for the old system

?) century it had become imperative to find

?) by the end of the sixteenth

?) gave local government authorities in England and

?) Wales the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless

?) in 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act

?) supplies and to try to check epidemics

?) some steps to control water

?) local authorities also began to take

?) medical services developed

?) nineteenth centuries British

?) in the eighteenth and

?) advanced and the number of

?) qualified doctors greatly increased

?) medical science

?) hospitals were built with private endowments

?) and subscriptions and were made increasingly

?) available on a charitable basis to the general population, while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm

?) can receive free treatment on the National Health Service (NHS)

?) or you can pay for private treatment

?) in Britain, if you are ill you

?) from the middle of the nineteenth

?) century working people of modest means began increasingly to insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident

?) and friendly societies and sick clubs

?) that time remit all or most of their fees to the poor

?) many public-spirited

?) medical practitioners would at

?) public measures to promote healthier living

?) public provision for the care of the sick

?) conditions, however, preceded adequate

?) intensification of sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics

?) first half of the nineteenth century caused an

?) rapid growth of towns in the

?) the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which, for the first time, established a comprehensive public health system under unified control and

?) laid down minimum standards for its services

?) a programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick (1800-90), Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, led to

?) the system was further developed and

?) upon which all subsequent health legislation has been based

?) consolidated by the Public Health Act 1875,

?) for personal health services began to improve

?) in the twentieth century the provision

?) rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment

?) the National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year (later raised to £420)

?) were entitled to the services of

?) a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies

?) capitation fee for the patients who

?) the doctors who took part were paid a

?) had asked to be on their list and been accepted

?) or on a certain number of voluntary sick

?) this scheme came to cover most

?) of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for their medical care either on paying fees as private patients,

?) at the same time the voluntary hospitals

?) expanded their free services for the poor with

?) the aid of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients

?) began to develop into local

?) authority general hospitals

?) after 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries

?) to provide improved social and health

?) some local authorities began

?) services, mainly for schools, mothers and children

?) were unevenly distributed and

?) were seen to be inadequate

?) these various health services, however,

?) service were the subject of many reports in

?) the inter-war years; it was, however, the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters

?) troposals for a full health and medical

?) voluntary and municipal hospitals, was developed within existing organisations as required

?) Emergency Hospital Service, including both

?) to deal with the war wounded, the

?) the welfare food service for mothers was introduced

?) and school meals services and

?) industrial canteens were expanded

?) in 1941 an inter-departmental committee was

?) set up under Sir William (later Lord) Beveridge to conduct a survey of the existing national schemes of social insurance and allied services

?) and to make recommendations on the way that social services should be reconstructed after the end of the war

?) the committee's report, known

?) as the Beveridge Report, was published in 1942;

?) it recommended far-reaching changes involving a considerable extension of both the health and social security services and formed the basis of much post-war social legislation

?) the Beveridge Report that a comprehensive health service for all purposes and all people should be established

?) in 1943 the wartime all-party Government

?) announced its acceptance of the proposal in

?) the first plan for a comprehensive

?) published by the Government in 1944

?) national health service was

?) the National Health Service Act 1946,

?) the final plan was embodied in

?) and the National Health Service started on 5 July 1948

?) hospital service for the community,

?) and expanded the preventive social and environmental services provided by local authorities

?) this provided a complete general practitioner and

?) developed compulsory health insurance schemes, but under them rights to health care were generally confined to those who

?) had paid contributions and their dependants, and to pensioners

?) many other countries had

?) free medical care was entirely new

?) universal coverage for

?) the principle of

?) the British National Health Service (NHS)

?) equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country

?) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide

?) although it is administered by local health authorities

?) nowadays central government is

?) directly responsible for the NHS

?) taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work

?) of the health service is paid for by general

?) about 83 per cent of the cost

?) dental care but many people, such as

?) there are charges for prescriptions and

?) children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment

?) with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner)

?) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community

?) most people are registered

?) as the population of Britain gets older,

?) the hospital service now treats more patients than

?) ever before, although patients spend less time in hospital

?) nearly half a million beds and have over 480,000 medical staff

?) NHS hospitals - many of which

?) were built in the nineteenth century - provide

?) in Europe although Britain actually

?) spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours

?) the NHS is the biggest employer

?) during the 1980s there was considerable

?) an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatisation of some services (for example, cleaning)

?) restructuring of the Health Service with

?) in the 1990s a number of NHS

?) reforms were introduced by the Conservative and Labour governments including self-management of hospitals and

?) a 'market' for patients who were referred to hospitals for treatment