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?) by the manor houses and merchant and craft guilds, which assumed as part of their duties and responsibilities

?) the care of the sick and the destitute

?) the earliest social welfare services in Britain were provided by various religious orders, augmented in medieval times

?) the dissolution of the monasteries

?) this practice fell into disuse with

?) the decay of the feudal system and

?) century it had become imperative to find

?) some substitute for the old system

?) by the end of the sixteenth

?) Wales the duty to provide from local taxation for the sick, the needy, and the homeless

?) gave local government authorities in England and

?) in 1601, therefore, the Poor Relief Act

?) some steps to control water

?) supplies and to try to check epidemics

?) local authorities also began to take

?) nineteenth centuries British

?) in the eighteenth and

?) medical services developed

?) advanced and the number of

?) medical science

?) qualified doctors greatly increased

?) hospitals were built with private endowments

?) available on a charitable basis to the general population, while free 'infirmaries' were provided under the Poor Law for the destitute, aged and infirm

?) and subscriptions and were made increasingly

?) in Britain, if you are ill you

?) or you can pay for private treatment

?) can receive free treatment on the National Health Service (NHS)

?) from the middle of the nineteenth

?) century working people of modest means began increasingly to insure against periods of illness by subscribing to provident

?) and friendly societies and sick clubs

?) medical practitioners would at

?) many public-spirited

?) that time remit all or most of their fees to the poor

?) public provision for the care of the sick

?) conditions, however, preceded adequate

?) public measures to promote healthier living

?) rapid growth of towns in the

?) intensification of sanitary problems with consequent cholera, typhoid and other epidemics

?) first half of the nineteenth century caused an

?) laid down minimum standards for its services

?) a programme of sanitary reform, associated particularly with Edwin Chadwick (1800-90), Secretary to the Poor Law Commission, led to

?) the passage of the Public Health Act 1848 which, for the first time, established a comprehensive public health system under unified control and

?) consolidated by the Public Health Act 1875,

?) upon which all subsequent health legislation has been based

?) the system was further developed and

?) in the twentieth century the provision

?) for personal health services began to improve

?) rapidly as the result of the progress of medical knowledge and the wider availability of treatment

?) were entitled to the services of

?) the National Health Insurance Act 1911 introduced a scheme whereby all people earning wages less than £160 a year (later raised to £420)

?) a general practitioner in return for regular contributions made by themselves and their employers to certain insurance organisations, known as approved societies

?) the doctors who took part were paid a

?) had asked to be on their list and been accepted

?) capitation fee for the patients who

?) this scheme came to cover most

?) of the poorer half of the population while the rest were dependent for their medical care either on paying fees as private patients,

?) or on a certain number of voluntary sick

?) at the same time the voluntary hospitals

?) expanded their free services for the poor with

?) the aid of voluntary donations and contributions and the fees of other patients

?) began to develop into local

?) after 1929 the Poor Law Infirmaries

?) authority general hospitals

?) some local authorities began

?) services, mainly for schools, mothers and children

?) to provide improved social and health

?) were unevenly distributed and

?) were seen to be inadequate

?) these various health services, however,

?) service were the subject of many reports in

?) the inter-war years; it was, however, the Second World War which precipitated reform in this, as in many other matters

?) troposals for a full health and medical

?) Emergency Hospital Service, including both

?) to deal with the war wounded, the

?) voluntary and municipal hospitals, was developed within existing organisations as required

?) industrial canteens were expanded

?) the welfare food service for mothers was introduced

?) and school meals services and

?) and to make recommendations on the way that social services should be reconstructed after the end of the war

?) set up under Sir William (later Lord) Beveridge to conduct a survey of the existing national schemes of social insurance and allied services

?) in 1941 an inter-departmental committee was

?) it recommended far-reaching changes involving a considerable extension of both the health and social security services and formed the basis of much post-war social legislation

?) as the Beveridge Report, was published in 1942;

?) the committee's report, known

?) the Beveridge Report that a comprehensive health service for all purposes and all people should be established

?) announced its acceptance of the proposal in

?) in 1943 the wartime all-party Government

?) published by the Government in 1944

?) national health service was

?) the first plan for a comprehensive

?) and the National Health Service started on 5 July 1948

?) the final plan was embodied in

?) the National Health Service Act 1946,

?) this provided a complete general practitioner and

?) and expanded the preventive social and environmental services provided by local authorities

?) hospital service for the community,

?) had paid contributions and their dependants, and to pensioners

?) developed compulsory health insurance schemes, but under them rights to health care were generally confined to those who

?) many other countries had

?) the principle of

?) universal coverage for

?) free medical care was entirely new

?) equal basic health care, free of charge, for everybody in the country

?) was set up in 1948 and was designed to provide

?) the British National Health Service (NHS)

?) although it is administered by local health authorities

?) nowadays central government is

?) directly responsible for the NHS

?) taxation and the rest is met from the National Insurance contributions paid by those in work

?) of the health service is paid for by general

?) about 83 per cent of the cost

?) there are charges for prescriptions and

?) dental care but many people, such as

?) children, pregnant women, pensioners, and those on Income Support, are exempt from payment

?) who is increasingly likely to be part of a health centre which serves the community

?) with a local doctor (a GP, or General Practitioner)

?) most people are registered

?) the hospital service now treats more patients than

?) as the population of Britain gets older,

?) ever before, although patients spend less time in hospital

?) were built in the nineteenth century - provide

?) NHS hospitals - many of which

?) nearly half a million beds and have over 480,000 medical staff

?) the NHS is the biggest employer

?) in Europe although Britain actually

?) spends less per person on health care than most of her European neighbours

?) during the 1980s there was considerable

?) restructuring of the Health Service with

?) an increased emphasis on managerial efficiency and the privatisation of some services (for example, cleaning)

?) a 'market' for patients who were referred to hospitals for treatment

?) in the 1990s a number of NHS

?) reforms were introduced by the Conservative and Labour governments including self-management of hospitals and